Ubuntu-Linux-Distro-Cheat-Sheet

Install Ubuntu Desktop :computer:

Recommended System🖥 Requirements :memo::

• 2 GHz dual core processor or better
• 4 GB RAM (system memory)
• 25 GB of free hard drive space
• VGA capable of 1024x768 screen resolution
• Internet access is helpful
• Either a DVD drive or a USB port for the installer media

Download :arrow_down: Ubuntu:

:pushpin: It's better to download the latest LTS version of Ubuntu, for desktop PCs and laptops. LTS stands for long-term support — which means five years of free security and maintenance updates, guaranteed.

Click here to download latest Ubuntu Desktop 🖥 ISO image file from Ubuntu website.

Make Bootable USB :floppy_disk::

:pushpin: Format the USB flash drive in FAT32 mode. Download Rufus to create a bootable USB drive from the downloaded .iso image file. Rufus is a free and open-source portable application for Microsoft Windows that can be used to format and create bootable USB flash drives or Live USBs. You may use other tools like Etcher, UNetbootin to do this.

Click here to download Rufus.

Alternatively, you can use Etcher if you are on a Linux machine. Etcher has support for most Linux distros. Here's a Debian and Ubuntu based package repository (GNU/Linux x86/x64). Install using:

1. Add Etcher debian repository:

    $ echo "deb https://deb.etcher.io stable etcher" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/balena-etcher.list
   

2. Trust bintray.com's GPG key:

   $ sudo apt-key adv --keyserver hkps://keyserver.ubuntu.com:443 --recv-keys 379CE192D401AB61
   

3. Update and install:

   $ sudo apt-get update
   $ sudo apt-get install balena-etcher-electron
   

Check GitHub repository of balenaEtcher for more details. Also, refer to Etcher's website for the latest pre-made installers for all supported operating systems.

Useful Commands

Update Ubuntu:

Sync the package index files from their sources:

$ sudo apt-get update
or
$ sudo apt update

Install the newest versions of all installed packages:

$ sudo apt-get upgrade
or
$ sudo apt upgrade

To reboot the system after updating (if needed):

$ sudo reboot

GNOME Desktop Environment

GNOME:

:pushpin: GNOME is a free and open-source desktop environment for Unix-like operating systems. Latest Ubuntu releases use GNOME desktop environment by default.

GNOME Shell:

:pushpin: GNOME Shell provides core user interface functions for GNOME, like switching to windows and launching applications. User interface elements provided by GNOME Shell include the Panel at the top of the screen, the Activities Overview, and Message Tray at the bottom of the screen.

GNOME Shell Extensions:

:pushpin: GNOME Shell extensions are small pieces of code written by third party developers that modify the way GNOME works. (If you are familiar with Chrome Extensions or Firefox Addons, GNOME Shell extensions are similar to them.) You can find and install GNOME Shell extensions using this website.

Install GNOME shell extension package:

$ sudo apt install gnome-shell-extensions

Install GNOME Tweaks:

To customize your desktop further, you may install GNOME Tweaks. You can get it from Ubuntu Software or run the following command:

$ sudo apt install gnome-tweaks

Install S/W, Software Management

Softwares and packages can be downloaded from various sources and in various ways. Popular ways for installing packages are:

• Ubuntu Software
• Snap
• Synaptic Package Manager
• Ubuntu Packages
• Download directly from specific website etc.

Install Synaptic Package :package: Manager:

:pushpin: Synaptic is a graphical package management program for apt. It provides the same features as the apt-get command line utility with a GUI front-end based on Gtk+.

Install using:

$ sudo apt-get install synaptic

APT:

:pushpin: The apt command is a powerful command-line tool, which works with Ubuntu’s Advanced Packaging Tool (APT) performing such functions as installation of new software packages, upgrade of existing software packages, updating of the package list index, and even upgrading the entire Ubuntu system.

Installation of packages using the apt tool is quite simple. For example, to install a package, type the following:

$ sudo apt install SOFTWARE_NAME

Here, SOFTWARE_NAME denotes the name of the package you want to install.

Commands To Install Some Useful Softwares & Packages:

• Chromium

  $ sudo snap install chromium
  

• Thunderbird

  $ sudo snap install thunderbird
  

• Visual Studio Code

  $ sudo snap install code --classic
  

• Eclipse

  $ sudo snap install eclipse --classic
  

• Apache NetBeans

  $ sudo snap install netbeans --classic
  

• FileZilla Client

  $ sudo apt-get install filezilla
  

• GIMP

  $ sudo snap install gimp
  

• kdenlive

  $ sudo snap install kdenlive
  

• OBS Studio

  $ sudo snap install obs-studio
  

• Postman

  $ sudo snap install postman
  

• Spotify

  $ sudo snap install spotify
  

• VLC

  $ sudo snap install VLC
  

Avro Phonetic For Linux:

:pushpin: GitHub repository for Avro Phonetic.

Terminal/CLI

Ubuntu's default terminal is gnome-terminal. Other popular terminal apps are:

• xterm
• rxvt
• konsole
• terminator

Terminal Command:

A terminal command can have three parts:

• Command
• Option
• Argument

Essential Terminal Commands:

FILE :file_folder:

Command	Function
cat	Open a file, Add multiple files, Create new file
tac	See few ending lines from a file
head	See first 10 lines from a file
tail	See few ending lines from a file, by default 10 lines
touch	Create a new file. Usage: $ touch <filename>
mv	Change filename
rm	Remove file

DIRECTORY :open_file_folder:

Command	Function
pwd	Present Working Directory. Shows the whole directory path where terminal is at right now
mkdir	Create new directory. Usage: $ mkdir <directoryname>
rmdir	Remove a directory. Usage: $ rmdir <directoryname>
cd	Open home directory
cd ~	Open home directory
cd ..	Change parent directory
cd -	Return back to last opened directory
cd ~/Documents	Jump to Documents directory under home directory
cd /var	Jump to var directory from root directory (/)
ls	See all contents of current directory
ls -a	See all contents with hidden files of current directory
tree	See a tree view of file system
tree -d	See a tree view only of directories

FIND :mag:

Command	Function
locate	Used to search files and directories. grep command is also used with locate command to filter more. Usage: $ locate zip | grep bin , this command gives a list of all files and folders containing this two words: zip and bin
updatedb	Update database of name listings
find	This command is used to search for files, it has multiple usage with option and argument
pipe (|)	Not a command itself but is used frequently with other commands
sudo	Abbreviation of "super user do". It allows programs to be executed as a super user (aka. root user) or another user.
man	See documentation of any command

Programming In Ubuntu

C/C++ Programming:

Install C/C++ compiler:

$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get install build-essential manpages-dev

To check if the compiler is installed properly:

$ whereis gcc
$ which gcc
$ gcc --version

Compile and run c code:

$ gcc hello.c -o hello
$ ./hello

Compile and run c++ code:

$ g++ hello.cpp -o hello
$ ./hello

Installing Code::Blocks:

At first, add Code::Blocks repository to ubuntu software list, then update ubuntu package list:

$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:damien-moore/codeblocks-stable
$ sudo apt-update

then install using:

$ sudo apt install codeblocks

Java Programming:

Installing the Default JRE/JDK. Execute the following command to install the default Java Runtime Environment (JRE), which will install the JRE from OpenJDK 11:

$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install default-jre

Verify the installation with:

$ java -version

You may need the Java Development Kit (JDK) in addition to the JRE in order to compile and run some specific Java-based software. To install the JDK, execute the following command, which will also install the JRE:

$ sudo apt install default-jdk

Verify that the JDK is installed by checking the version of javac, the Java compiler:

$ javac -version

Compile and run Java code:

$ javac Hello.java
$ java Hello

Install XAMPP:

Download XAMPP from Apache Friends. Search for "install xampp on ubuntu". Follow some tutorials online and you will be good to go.

Install Ubuntu Make:

You can use Ubuntu Make to install and update different development tools easily. To install:

$ snap install --classic ubuntu-make

Use the following command to see a list of Ubuntu Make supported tools and platforms:

$ umake --list
$ ubuntu-make.umake

To download Android Studio, use the following command:

$ umake android

Install Git:

Install using:

$ sudo apt install git-all

Verify the installation with:

$ git --version

For more options, click here.

Raspberry Pi

Powering Raspberry Pi With Ubuntu Desktop:

Running Ubuntu Desktop on the Raspberry Pi is easy. Just pick the OS image, flash it onto a microSD card, load it onto the Pi and away you go. You can also install Ubuntu Server on the Pi if you want to. Ubuntu Server works on the Raspberry Pi 2, 3 and 4 but Ubuntu Desktop only works on the Raspberry Pi 4 with 4GB or 8GB of RAM and on Raspberry Pi 400.

:pushpin: Follow this desktop or server tutorial from Canonical for an in-depth installation guide.

Building NAS Server With Raspberry Pi & OpenMediaVault:

:pushpin: A Network-attached storage (NAS) device is a storage device connected to a network that allows storage and retrieval of data from a central location for authorised network users and varied clients. A NAS can be very helpful for small businesses or for home use. It is like having a private cloud.

We are going to use Raspberry Pi OS Lite for this NAS as Desktop versions of Raspberry PI OS are not supported by OMV5. OMV5 will install on Raspberry PI models 2B and higher. But, in practical terms, the performance of the model 2B is marginal. Raspberry Pi 4 models are recommended.

Follow this to download Raspberry Pi OS Lite image. Flush a microSD card (minimum 16GB, A1 rated, class 10 card recommended) with this image using Etcher or Raspberry Pi Imager. We also need a HDD/SSD for more storage capacity.

Enabling Raspberry Pi OS's SSH Server for Remote Access: We can enable SSH in various ways. We can do it with the configuration tool of Pi. To access configuration tool:

$ sudo raspi-config

For a complete headless setup,