Wikipedia says

In software engineering, creational design patterns are design patterns that deal with object creation mechanisms, trying to create objects in a manner suitable to the situation. The basic form of object creation could result in design problems or added complexity to the design. Creational design patterns solve this problem by somehow controlling this object creation.

• Simple Factory
• Factory Method
• Abstract Factory
• Builder
• Prototype
• Singleton

🏠 Simple Factory

Real world example

Consider, you are building a house and you need doors. It would be a mess if every time you need a door, you put on your carpenter clothes and start making a door in your house. Instead you get it made from a factory.

In plain words

Simple factory simply generates an instance for client without exposing any instantiation logic to the client

Wikipedia says

In object-oriented programming (OOP), a factory is an object for creating other objects – formally a factory is a function or method that returns objects of a varying prototype or class from some method call, which is assumed to be "new".

Programmatic Example

First of all we have a door interface and the implementation

/*
Door

getWidth()
getHeight()

*/

class WoodenDoor {
  constructor(width, height){
    this.width = width
    this.height = height
  }

  getWidth(){
    return this.width
  }

  getHeight(){
    return this.height
  }
}

Then we have our door factory that makes the door and returns it

const DoorFactory = {
  makeDoor : (width, height) => new WoodenDoor(width, height)
}

And then it can be used as

const door = DoorFactory.makeDoor(100, 200)
console.log('Width:', door.getWidth())
console.log('Height:', door.getHeight())

When to Use?

When creating an object is not just a few assignments and involves some logic, it makes sense to put it in a dedicated factory instead of repeating the same code everywhere.

🏭 Factory Method

Real world example

Consider the case of a hiring manager. It is impossible for one person to interview for each of the positions. Based on the job opening, she has to decide and delegate the interview steps to different people.

In plain words

It provides a way to delegate the instantiation logic to child classes.

Wikipedia says

In class-based programming, the factory method pattern is a creational pattern that uses factory methods to deal with the problem of creating objects without having to specify the exact class of the object that will be created. This is done by creating objects by calling a factory method—either specified in an interface and implemented by child classes, or implemented in a base class and optionally overridden by derived classes—rather than by calling a constructor.

Programmatic Example

Taking our hiring manager example above. First of all we have an interviewer interface and some implementations for it

/*
Interviewer interface

askQuestions()
*/

class Developer {
  askQuestions() {
    console.log('Asking about design patterns!')
  }
}

class CommunityExecutive {
  askQuestions() {
    console.log('Asking about community building')
  }
}

Now let us create our HiringManager

class HiringManager {
        
    takeInterview() {
        const interviewer = this.makeInterviewer()
        interviewer.askQuestions()
    }
}

Now any child can extend it and provide the required interviewer

class DevelopmentManager extends HiringManager {
    makeInterviewer() {
        return new Developer()
    }
}

class MarketingManager extends HiringManager {
    makeInterviewer() {
        return new CommunityExecutive()
    }
}

and then it can be used as

const devManager = new DevelopmentManager()
devManager.takeInterview() // Output: Asking about design patterns

const marketingManager = new MarketingManager()
marketingManager.takeInterview() // Output: Asking about community building.

When to use?

Useful when there is some generic processing in a class but the required sub-class is dynamically decided at runtime. Or putting it in other words, when the client doesn't know what exact sub-class it might need.

🔨 Abstract Factory

Real world example

Extending our door example from Simple Factory. Based on your needs you might get a wooden door from a wooden door shop, iron door from an iron shop or a PVC door from the relevant shop. Plus you might need a guy with different kind of specialities to fit the door, for example a carpenter for wooden door, welder for iron door etc. As you can see there is a dependency between the doors now, wooden door needs carpenter, iron door needs a welder etc.

In plain words

A factory of factories is a factory that groups the individual but related/dependent factories together without specifying their concrete classes.

Wikipedia says

The abstract factory pattern provides a way to encapsulate a group of individual factories that have a common theme without specifying their concrete classes

Programmatic Example

Translating the door example above. First of all we have our Door interface and some implementation for it

/*
Door interface :

getDescription()
*/

class WoodenDoor {
    getDescription() {
        console.log('I am a wooden door')
    }
}

class IronDoor {
    getDescription() {
        console.log('I am an iron door')
    }
}

Then we have some fitting experts for each door type

/*
DoorFittingExpert interface :

getDescription()
*/

class Welder {
    getDescription() {
        console.log('I can only fit iron doors')
    }
}

class Carpenter {
    getDescription() {
        console.log('I can only fit wooden doors')
    }
}

Now we have our abstract factory that would let us make family of related objects i.e. wooden door factory would create a wooden door and wooden door fitting expert and iron door factory would create an iron door and iron door fitting expert

/*
DoorFactory interface :

makeDoor()
makeFittingExpert()
*/

// Wooden factory to return carpenter and wooden door
class WoodenDoorFactory {
    makeDoor(){
        return new WoodenDoor()
    }

    makeFittingExpert() {
        return new Carpenter()
    }
}

// Iron door factory to get iron door and the relevant fitting expert
class IronDoorFactory {
    makeDoor(){
        return new IronDoor()
    }

    makeFittingExpert() {
        return new Welder()
    }
}

And then it can be used as

woodenFactory = new WoodenDoorFactory()

door = woodenFactory.makeDoor()
expert = woodenFactory.makeFittingExpert()

door.getDescription()  // Output: I am a wooden door
expert.getDescription() // Output: I can only fit wooden doors

// Same for Iron Factory
ironFactory = new IronDoorFactory()

door = ironFactory.makeDoor()
expert = ironFactory.makeFittingExpert()

door.getDescription()  // Output: I am an iron door
expert.getDescription() // Output: I can only fit iron doors

As you can see the wooden door factory has encapsulated the carpenter and the wooden door also iron door factory has encapsulated the iron door and welder. And thus it had helped us make sure that for each of the created door, we do not get a wrong fitting expert.

When to use?

When there are interrelated dependencies with not-that-simple creation logic involved

👷 Builder

Real world example

Imagine you are at Hardee's and you order a specific deal, lets say, "Big Hardee" and they hand it over to you without any questions this is the example of simple factory. But there are cases when the creation logic might involve more steps. For example you want a customized Subway deal, you have several options in how your burger is made e.g what bread do you want? what types of sauces would you like? What cheese would you want? etc. In such cases builder pattern comes to the rescue.

In plain words

Allows you to create different flavors of an object while avoiding constructor pollution. Useful when there could be several flavors of an object. Or when there are a lot of steps involved in creation of an object.

Wikipedia says

The builder pattern is an object creation software design pattern with the intentions of finding a solution to the telescoping constructor anti-pattern.

Having said that let me add a bit about what telescoping constructor anti-pattern is. At one point or the other we have all seen a constructor like below:

constructor(size, cheese = true, pepperoni = true, tomato = false, lettuce = true) {
    // ... 
}

As you can see the number of constructor parameters can quickly get out of hand and it might become difficult to understand the arrangement of parameters. Plus this parameter list could keep on growing if you would want to add more options in future. This is called telescoping constructor anti-pattern.

Programmatic Example

The sane alternative is to use the builder pattern. First of all we have our burger that we want to make

class Burger {
    constructor(builder) {
        this.size = builder.size
        this.cheeze = builder.cheeze |