exerciseminimilism

A list of practical projects that anyone can solve in any programming language (See solutions). These projects are divided into multiple categories, and each category has its own folder. To get started, simply fork this repo. CONTRIBUTING See ways of contributing to this repo. You can contribute solutions (will be published in this repo) to existing problems, add new projects, or remove existing ones. Make sure you follow all instructions properly. Solutions You can find implementations of these projects in many other languages by other users in this repo. Credits Problems are motivated by the ones shared at: Martyr2’s Mega Project List Rosetta Code Table of Contents Numbers Classic Algorithms Graph Data Structures Text Networking Classes Threading Web Files Databases Graphics and Multimedia Security Numbers Find PI to the Nth Digit - Enter a number and have the program generate PI up to that many decimal places. Keep a limit to how far the program will go. Find e to the Nth Digit - Just like the previous problem, but with e instead of PI. Enter a number and have the program generate e up to that many decimal places. Keep a limit to how far the program will go. Fibonacci Sequence - Enter a number and have the program generate the Fibonacci sequence to that number or to the Nth number. Prime Factorization - Have the user enter a number and find all Prime Factors (if there are any) and display them. Next Prime Number - Have the program find prime numbers until the user chooses to stop asking for the next one. Find Cost of Tile to Cover W x H Floor - Calculate the total cost of the tile it would take to cover a floor plan of width and height, using a cost entered by the user. Mortgage Calculator - Calculate the monthly payments of a fixed-term mortgage over given Nth terms at a given interest rate. Also, figure out how long it will take the user to pay back the loan. For added complexity, add an option for users to select the compounding interval (Monthly, Weekly, Daily, Continually). Change Return Program - The user enters a cost and then the amount of money given. The program will figure out the change and the number of quarters, dimes, nickels, pennies needed for the change. Binary to Decimal and Back Converter - Develop a converter to convert a decimal number to binary or a binary number to its decimal equivalent. Calculator - A simple calculator to do basic operators. Make it a scientific calculator for added complexity. Unit Converter (temp, currency, volume, mass, and more) - Converts various units between one another. The user enters the type of unit being entered, the type of unit they want to convert to, and then the value. The program will then make the conversion. Alarm Clock - A simple clock where it plays a sound after X number of minutes/seconds or at a particular time. Distance Between Two Cities - Calculates the distance between two cities and allows the user to specify a unit of distance. This program may require finding coordinates for the cities like latitude and longitude. Credit Card Validator - Takes in a credit card number from a common credit card vendor (Visa, MasterCard, American Express, Discoverer) and validates it to make sure that it is a valid number (look into how credit cards use a checksum). Tax Calculator - Asks the user to enter a cost and either a country or state tax. It then returns the tax plus the total cost with tax. Factorial Finder - The Factorial of a positive integer, n, is defined as the product of the sequence n, n-1, n-2, ...1, and the factorial of zero, 0, is defined as being 1. Solve this using both loops and recursion. Complex Number Algebra - Show addition, multiplication, negation, and inversion of complex numbers in separate functions. (Subtraction and division operations can be made with pairs of these operations.) Print the results for each operation tested. Happy Numbers - A happy number is defined by the following process. Starting with any positive integer, replace the number by the sum of the squares of its digits, and repeat the process until the number equals 1 (where it will stay), or it loops endlessly in a cycle which does not include 1. Those numbers for which this process ends in 1 are happy numbers, while those that do not end in 1 are unhappy numbers. Display an example of your output here. Find the first 8 happy numbers. Number Names - Show how to spell out a number in English. You can use a preexisting implementation or roll your own, but you should support inputs up to at least one million (or the maximum value of your language's default bounded integer type if that's less). Optional: Support for inputs other than positive integers (like zero, negative integers, and floating-point numbers). Coin Flip Simulation - Write some code that simulates flipping a single coin however many times the user decides. The code should record the outcomes and count the number of tails and heads. Limit Calculator - Ask the user to enter f(x) and the limit value, then return the value of the limit statement Optional: Make the calculator capable of supporting infinite limits. Fast Exponentiation - Ask the user to enter 2 integers a and b and output a^b (i.e. pow(a,b)) in O(LG n) time complexity. Classic Algorithms Collatz Conjecture - Start with a number n > 1. Find the number of steps it takes to reach one using the following process: If n is even, divide it by 2. If n is odd, multiply it by 3 and add 1. Sorting - Implement two types of sorting algorithms: Merge sort and bubble sort. Closest pair problem - The closest pair of points problem or closest pair problem is a problem of computational geometry: given n points in metric space, find a pair of points with the smallest distance between them. Sieve of Eratosthenes - The sieve of Eratosthenes is one of the most efficient ways to find all of the smaller primes (below 10 million or so). Graph Graph from links - Create a program that will create a graph or network from a series of links. Eulerian Path - Create a program that will take as an input a graph and output either an Eulerian path or an Eulerian cycle, or state that it is not possible. An Eulerian path starts at one node and traverses every edge of a graph through every node and finishes at another node. An Eulerian cycle is an eulerian Path that starts and finishes at the same node. Connected Graph - Create a program that takes a graph as an input and outputs whether every node is connected or not. Dijkstra’s Algorithm - Create a program that finds the shortest path through a graph using its edges. Minimum Spanning Tree - Create a program that takes a connected, undirected graph with weights and outputs the minimum spanning tree of the graph i.e., a subgraph that is a tree, contains all the vertices, and the sum of its weights is the least possible. Data Structures Inverted index - An Inverted Index is a data structure used to create full-text search. Given a set of text files, implement a program to create an inverted index. Also, create a user interface to do a search using that inverted index which returns a list of files that contain the query term/terms. The search index can be in memory. Text Fizz Buzz - Write a program that prints the numbers from 1 to 100. But for multiples of three print “Fizz” instead of the number and for the multiples of five print “Buzz”. For numbers which are multiples of both three and five print “FizzBuzz”. Reverse a String - Enter a string and the program will reverse it and print it out. Pig Latin - Pig Latin is a game of alterations played in the English language game. To create the Pig Latin form of an English word the initial consonant sound is transposed to the end of the word and an ay is affixed (Ex.: "banana" would yield anana-bay). Read Wikipedia for more information on rules. Count Vowels - Enter a string and the program counts the number of vowels in the text. For added complexity have it report a sum of each vowel found. Check if Palindrome - Checks if the string entered by the user is a palindrome. That is that it reads the same forwards as backward like “racecar” Count Words in a String - Counts the number of individual words in a string. For added complexity read these strings in from a text file and generate a summary. Text Editor - Notepad-style application that can open, edit, and save text documents. Optional: Add syntax highlighting and other features. RSS Feed Creator - Given a link to RSS/Atom Feed, get all posts and display them. Quote Tracker (market symbols etc) - A program that can go out and check the current value of stocks for a list of symbols entered by the user. The user can set how often the stocks are checked. For CLI, show whether the stock has moved up or down. Optional: If GUI, the program can show green up and red down arrows to show which direction the stock value has moved. Guestbook / Journal - A simple application that allows people to add comments or write journal entries. It can allow comments or not and timestamps for all entries. Could also be made into a shoutbox. Optional: Deploy it on Google App Engine or Heroku or any other PaaS (if possible, of course). Vigenere / Vernam / Ceasar Ciphers - Functions for encrypting and decrypting data messages. Then send them to a friend. Regex Query Tool - A tool that allows the user to enter a text string and then in a separate control enter a regex pattern. It will run the regular expression against the source text and return any matches or flag errors in the regular expression. Networking FTP Program - A file transfer program that can transfer files back and forth from a remote web sever. Bandwidth Monitor - A small utility program that tracks how much data you have uploaded and downloaded from the net during the course of your current online session. See if you can find out what periods of the day you use more and less and generate a report or graph that shows it. Port Scanner - Enter an IP address and a port range where the program will then attempt to find open ports on the given computer by connecting to each of them. On any successful connections mark the port as open. Mail Checker (POP3 / IMAP) - The user enters various account information include web server and IP, protocol type (POP3 or IMAP), and the application will check for email at a given interval. Country from IP Lookup - Enter an IP address and find the country that IP is registered in. Optional: Find the Ip automatically. Whois Search Tool - Enter an IP or host address and have it look it up through whois and return the results to you. Site Checker with Time Scheduling - An application that attempts to connect to a website or server every so many minute or a given time and check if it is up. If it is down, it will notify you by email or by posting a notice on the screen. Classes Product Inventory Project - Create an application that manages an inventory of products. Create a product class that has a price, id, and quantity on hand. Then create an inventory class that keeps track of various products and can sum up the inventory value. Airline / Hotel Reservation System - Create a reservation system that books airline seats or hotel rooms. It charges various rates for particular sections of the plane or hotel. For example, first class is going to cost more than a coach. Hotel rooms have penthouse suites which cost more. Keep track of when rooms will be available and can be scheduled. Company Manager - Create a hierarchy of classes - abstract class Employee and subclasses HourlyEmployee, SalariedEmployee, Manager, and Executive. Everyone's pay is calculated differently, research a bit about it. After you've established an employee hierarchy, create a Company class that allows you to manage the employees. You should be able to hire, fire, and raise employees. Bank Account Manager - Create a class called Account which will be an abstract class for three other classes called CheckingAccount, SavingsAccount, and BusinessAccount. Manage credits and debits from these accounts through an ATM-style program. Patient / Doctor Scheduler - Create a patient class and a doctor class. Have a doctor that can handle multiple patients and set up a scheduling program where a doctor can only handle 16 patients during an 8 hr workday. Recipe Creator and Manager - Create a recipe class with ingredients and put them in a recipe manager program that organizes them into categories like desserts, main courses, or by ingredients like chicken, beef, soups, pies, etc. Image Gallery - Create an image abstract class and then a class that inherits from it for each image type. Put them in a program that displays them in a gallery-style format for viewing. Shape Area and Perimeter Classes - Create an abstract class called Shape and then inherit from it other shapes like diamond, rectangle, circle, triangle, etc. Then have each class override the area and perimeter functionality to handle each shape type. Flower Shop Ordering To Go - Create a flower shop application that deals in flower objects and use those flower objects in a bouquet object which can then be sold. Keep track of the number of objects and when you may need to order more. Family Tree Creator - Create a class called Person which will have a name, when they were born, and when (and if) they died. Allow the user to create these Person classes and put them into a family tree structure. Print out the tree to the screen. Threading Create A Progress Bar for Downloads - Create a progress bar for applications that can keep track of a download in progress. The progress bar will be on a separate thread and will communicate with the main thread using delegates. Bulk Thumbnail Creator - Picture processing can take a bit of time for some transformations. Especially if the image is large. Create an image program that can take hundreds of images and converts them to a specified size in the background thread while you do other things. For added complexity, have one thread handling re-sizing, have another bulk renaming of thumbnails, etc. Web Page Scraper - Create an application that connects to a site and pulls out all links, or images, and saves them to a list. Optional: Organize the indexed content and don’t allow duplicates. Have it put the results into an easily searchable index file. Online White Board - Create an application that allows you to draw pictures, write notes and use various colors to flesh out ideas for projects. Optional: Add a feature to invite friends to collaborate on a whiteboard online. Get Atomic Time from Internet Clock - This program will get the true atomic time from an atomic time clock on the Internet. Use any one of the atomic clocks returned by a simple Google search. Fetch Current Weather - Get the current weather for a given zip/postal code. Optional: Try locating the user automatically. Scheduled Auto Login and Action - Make an application that logs into a given site on a schedule and invokes a certain action and then logs out. This can be useful for checking webmail, posting regular content, or getting info for other applications and saving it to your computer. E-Card Generator - Make a site that allows people to generate their own little e-cards and send them to other people. Do not use Flash. Use a picture library and perhaps insightful mottos or quotes. Content Management System - Create a content management system (CMS) like Joomla, Drupal, PHP Nuke, etc. Start small. Optional: Allow for the addition of modules/addons. Web Board (Forum) - Create a forum for you and your buddies to post, administer and share thoughts and ideas. CAPTCHA Maker - Ever see those images with letters numbers when you signup for a service and then ask you to enter what you see? It keeps web bots from automatically signing up and spamming. Try creating one yourself for online forms. Files Quiz Maker - Make an application that takes various questions from a file, picked randomly, and puts together a quiz for students. Each quiz can be different and then reads a key to grade the quizzes. Sort Excel/CSV File Utility - Reads a file of records, sorts them, and then writes them back to the file. Allow the user to choose various sort style and sorting based on a particular field. Create Zip File Maker - The user enters various files from different directories and the program zips them up into a zip file. Optional: Apply actual compression to the files. Start with Huffman Algorithm. PDF Generator - An application that can read in a text file, HTML file, or some other file and generates a PDF file out of it. Great for a web-based service where the user uploads the file and the program returns a PDF of the file. Optional: Deploy on GAE or Heroku if possible. Mp3 Tagger - Modify and add ID3v1 tags to MP3 files. See if you can also add in the album art into the MP3 file’s header as well as other ID3v2 tags. Code Snippet Manager - Another utility program that allows coders to put in functions, classes, or other tidbits to save for use later. Organized by the type of snippet or language the coder can quickly lookup code. Optional: For extra practice try adding syntax highlighting based on the language. Databases SQL Query Analyzer - A utility application in which a user can enter a query and have it run against a local database and look for ways to make it more efficient. Remote SQL Tool - A utility that can execute queries on remote servers from your local computer across the Internet. It should take in a remote host, user name, and password, run the query and return the results. Report Generator - Create a utility that generates a report based on some tables in a database. Generates sales reports based on the order/order details tables or sums up the day's current database activity. Event Scheduler and Calendar - Make an application that allows the user to enter a date and time of an event, event notes, and then schedule those events on a calendar. The user can then browse the calendar or search the calendar for specific events. Optional: Allow the application to create re-occurrence events that reoccur every day, week, month, year, etc. Budget Tracker - Write an application that keeps track of a household’s budget. The user can add expenses, income, and recurring costs to find out how much they are saving or losing over a period of time. Optional: Allow the user to specify a date range and see the net flow of money in and out of the house budget for that time period. TV Show Tracker - Got a favorite show you don’t want to miss? Don’t have a PVR or want to be able to find the show to then PVR it later? Make an application that can search various online TV Guide sites, locate the shows/times/channels and add them to a database application. The database/website then can send you email reminders that a show is about to start and which channel it will be on. Travel Planner System - Make a system that allows users to put together their own little travel itinerary and keep track of the airline/hotel arrangements, points of interest, budget, and schedule. Graphics and Multimedia Slide Show - Make an application that shows various pictures in a slide show format. Optional: Try adding various effects like fade in/out, star wipe, and window blinds transitions. Stream Video from Online - Try to create your own online streaming video player. Mp3 Player - A simple program for playing your favorite music files. Add features you think are missing from your favorite music player. Watermarking Application - Have some pictures you want copyright protected? Add your own logo or text lightly across the background so that no one can simply steal your graphics off your site. Make a program that will add this watermark to the picture. Optional: Use threading to process multiple images simultaneously. Turtle Graphics - This is a common project where you create a floor of 20 x 20 squares. Using various commands you tell a turtle to draw a line on the floor. You have moved forward, left or right, lift or drop the pen, etc. Do a search online for "Turtle Graphics" for more information. Optional: Allow the program to read in the list of commands from a file. GIF Creator A program that puts together multiple images (PNGs, JPGs, TIFFs) to make a smooth GIF that can be exported. Optional: Make the program convert small video files to GIFs as well. Security Caesar cipher - Implement a Caesar cipher, both encoding, and decoding. The key is an integer from 1 to 25. This cipher rotates the letters of the alphabet (A to Z). The encoding replaces each letter with the 1st to 25th next letter in the alphabet (wrapping Z to A). So key 2 encrypts "HI" to "JK", but key 20 encrypts "HI" to "BC". This simple "monoalphabetic substitution cipher" provides almost no security, because an attacker who has the encoded message can either use frequency analysis to guess the key, or just try all 25 keys.

W3C Strategic Highlights September 2019 This report was prepared for the September 2019 W3C Advisory Committee Meeting (W3C Member link). See the accompanying W3C Fact Sheet — September 2019. For the previous edition, see the April 2019 W3C Strategic Highlights. For future editions of this report, please consult the latest version. A Chinese translation is available. ☰ Contents Introduction Future Web Standards Meeting Industry Needs Web Payments Digital Publishing Media and Entertainment Web & Telecommunications Real-Time Communications (WebRTC) Web & Networks Automotive Web of Things Strengthening the Core of the Web HTML CSS Fonts SVG Audio Performance Web Performance WebAssembly Testing Browser Testing and Tools WebPlatform Tests Web of Data Web for All Security, Privacy, Identity Internationalization (i18n) Web Accessibility Outreach to the world W3C Developer Relations W3C Training Translations W3C Liaisons Introduction This report highlights recent work of enhancement of the existing landscape of the Web platform and innovation for the growth and strength of the Web. 33 working groups and a dozen interest groups enable W3C to pursue its mission through the creation of Web standards, guidelines, and supporting materials. We track the tremendous work done across the Consortium through homogeneous work-spaces in Github which enables better monitoring and management. We are in the middle of a period where we are chartering numerous working groups which demonstrate the rapid degree of change for the Web platform: After 4 years, we are nearly ready to publish a Payment Request API Proposed Recommendation and we need to soon charter follow-on work. In the last year we chartered the Web Payment Security Interest Group. In the last year we chartered the Web Media Working Group with 7 specifications for next generation Media support on the Web. We have Accessibility Guidelines under W3C Member review which includes Silver, a new approach. We have just launched the Decentralized Identifier Working Group which has tremendous potential because Decentralized Identifier (DID) is an identifier that is globally unique, resolveable with high availability, and cryptographically verifiable. We have Privacy IG (PING) under W3C Member review which strengthens our focus on the tradeoff between privacy and function. We have a new CSS charter under W3C Member review which maps the group's work for the next three years. In this period, W3C and the WHATWG have succesfully completed the negotiation of a Memorandum of Understanding rooted in the mutual belief that that having two distinct specifications claiming to be normative is generally harmful for the Web community. The MOU, signed last May, describes how the two organizations are to collaborate on the development of a single authoritative version of the HTML and DOM specifications. W3C subsequently rechartered the HTML Working Group to assist the W3C community in raising issues and proposing solutions for the HTML and DOM specifications, and for the production of W3C Recommendations from WHATWG Review Drafts. As the Web evolves continuously, some groups are looking for ways for specifications to do so as well. So-called "evergreen recommendations" or "living standards" aim to track continuous development (and maintenance) of features, on a feature-by-feature basis, while getting review and patent commitments. We see the maturation and further development of an incredible number of new technologies coming to the Web. Continued progress in many areas demonstrates the vitality of the W3C and the Web community, as the rest of the report illustrates. Future Web Standards W3C has a variety of mechanisms for listening to what the community thinks could become good future Web standards. These include discussions with the Membership, discussions with other standards bodies, the activities of thousands of participants in over 300 community groups, and W3C Workshops. There are lots of good ideas. The W3C strategy team has been identifying promising topics and invites public participation. Future, recent and under consideration Workshops include: Inclusive XR (5-6 November 2019, Seattle, WA, USA) to explore existing and future approaches on making Virtual and Augmented Reality experiences more inclusive, including to people with disabilities; W3C Workshop on Data Models for Transportation (12-13 September 2019, Palo Alto, CA, USA) W3C Workshop on Web Games (27-28 June 2019, Redmond, WA, USA), view report Second W3C Workshop on the Web of Things (3-5 June 2019, Munich, Germany) W3C Workshop on Web Standardization for Graph Data; Creating Bridges: RDF, Property Graph and SQL (4-6 March 2019, Berlin, Germany), view report Web & Machine Learning. The Strategy Funnel documents the staff's exploration of potential new work at various phases: Exploration and Investigation, Incubation and Evaluation, and eventually to the chartering of a new standards group. The Funnel view is a GitHub Project where new area are issues represented by “cards” which move through the columns, usually from left to right. Most cards start in Exploration and move towards Chartering, or move out of the funnel. Public input is welcome at any stage but particularly once Incubation has begun. This helps W3C identify work that is sufficiently incubated to warrant standardization, to review the ecosystem around the work and indicate interest in participating in its standardization, and then to draft a charter that reflects an appropriate scope. Ongoing feedback can speed up the overall standardization process. Since the previous highlights document, W3C has chartered a number of groups, and started discussion on many more: Newly Chartered or Rechartered Web Application Security WG (03-Apr) Web Payment Security IG (17-Apr) Patent and Standards IG (24-Apr) Web Applications WG (14-May) Web & Networks IG (16-May) Media WG (23-May) Media and Entertainment IG (06-Jun) HTML WG (06-Jun) Decentralized Identifier WG (05-Sep) Extended Privacy IG (PING) (30-Sep) Verifiable Claims WG (30-Sep) Service Workers WG (31-Dec) Dataset Exchange WG (31-Dec) Web of Things Working Group (31-Dec) Web Audio Working Group (31-Dec) Proposed charters / Advance Notice Accessibility Guidelines WG Privacy IG (PING) RDF Literal Direction WG Timed Text WG CSS WG Web Authentication WG Closed Internationalization Tag Set IG Meeting Industry Needs Web Payments All Web Payments specifications W3C's payments standards enable a streamlined checkout experience, enabling a consistent user experience across the Web with lower front end development costs for merchants. Users can store and reuse information and more quickly and accurately complete online transactions. The Web Payments Working Group has republished Payment Request API as a Candidate Recommendation, aiming to publish a Proposed Recommendation in the Fall 2019, and is discussing use cases and features for Payment Request after publication of the 1.0 Recommendation. Browser vendors have been finalizing implementation of features added in the past year (view the implementation report). As work continues on the Payment Handler API and its implementation (currently in Chrome and Edge Canary), one focus in 2019 is to increase adoption in other browsers. Recently, Mastercard demonstrated the use of Payment Request API to carry out EMVCo's Secure Remote Commerce (SRC) protocol whose payment method definition is being developed with active participation by Visa, Mastercard, American Express, and Discover. Payment method availability is a key factor in merchant considerations about adopting Payment Request API. The ability to get uniform adoption of a new payment method such as Secure Remote Commerce (SRC) also depends on the availability of the Payment Handler API in browsers, or of proprietary alternatives. Web Monetization, which the Web Payments Working Group will discuss again at its face-to-face meeting in September, can be used to enable micropayments as an alternative revenue stream to advertising. Since the beginning of 2019, Amazon, Brave Software, JCB, Certus Cybersecurity Solutions and Netflix have joined the Web Payments Working Group. In April, W3C launched the Web Payment Security Group to enable W3C, EMVCo, and the FIDO Alliance to collaborate on a vision for Web payment security and interoperability. Participants will define areas of collaboration and identify gaps between existing technical specifications in order to increase compatibility among different technologies, such as: How do SRC, FIDO, and Payment Request relate? The Payment Services Directive 2 (PSD2) regulations in Europe are scheduled to take effect in September 2019. What is the role of EMVCo, W3C, and FIDO technologies, and what is the current state of readiness for the deadline? How can we improve privacy on the Web at the same time as we meet industry requirements regarding user identity? Digital Publishing All Digital Publishing specifications, Publication milestones The Web is the universal publishing platform. Publishing is increasingly impacted by the Web, and the Web increasingly impacts Publishing. Topic of particular interest to Publishing@W3C include typography and layout, accessibility, usability, portability, distribution, archiving, offline access, print on demand, and reliable cross referencing. And the diverse publishing community represented in the groups consist of the traditional "trade" publishers, ebook reading system manufacturers, but also publishers of audio book, scholarly journals or educational materials, library scientists or browser developers. The Publishing Working Group currently concentrates on Audiobooks which lack a comprehensive standard, thus incurring extra costs and time to publish in this booming market. Active development is ongoing on the future standard: Publication Manifest Audiobook profile for Web Publications Lightweight Packaging Format The BD Comics Manga Community Group, the Synchronized Multimedia for Publications Community Group, the Publishing Community Group and a future group on archival, are companions to the working group where specific work is developed and incubated. The Publishing Community Group is a recently launched incubation channel for Publishing@W3C. The goal of the group is to propose, document, and prototype features broadly related to: publications on the Web reading modes and systems and the user experience of publications The EPUB 3 Community Group has successfully completed the revision of EPUB 3.2. The Publishing Business Group fosters ongoing participation by members of the publishing industry and the overall ecosystem in the development of Web infrastructure to better support the needs of the industry. The Business Group serves as an additional conduit to the Publishing Working Group and several Community Groups for feedback between the publishing ecosystem and W3C. The Publishing BG has played a vital role in fostering and advancing the adoption and continued development of EPUB 3. In particular the BG provided critical support to the update of EPUBCheck to validate EPUB content to the new EPUB 3.2 specification. This resulted in the development, in conjunction with the EPUB3 Community Group, of a new generation of EPUBCheck, i.e., EPUBCheck 4.2 production-ready release. Media and Entertainment All Media specifications The Media and Entertainment vertical tracks media-related topics and features that create immersive experiences for end users. HTML5 brought standard audio and video elements to the Web. Standardization activities since then have aimed at turning the Web into a professional platform fully suitable for the delivery of media content and associated materials, enabling missing features to stream video content on the Web such as adaptive streaming and content protection. Together with Microsoft, Comcast, Netflix and Google, W3C received an Technology & Engineering Emmy Award in April 2019 for standardization of a full TV experience on the Web. Current goals are to: Reinforce core media technologies: Creation of the Media Working Group, to develop media-related specifications incubated in the WICG (e.g. Media Capabilities, Picture-in-picture, Media Session) and maintain maintain/evolve Media Source Extensions (MSE) and Encrypted Media Extensions (EME). Improve support for Media Timed Events: data cues incubation. Enhance color support (HDR, wide gamut), in scope of the CSS WG and in the Color on the Web CG. Reduce fragmentation: Continue annual releases of a common and testable baseline media devices, in scope of the Web Media APIs CG and in collaboration with the CTA WAVE Project. Maintain the Road-map of Media Technologies for the Web which highlights Web technologies that can be used to build media applications and services, as well as known gaps to enable additional use cases. Create the future: Discuss perspectives for Media and Entertainment for the Web. Bring the power of GPUs to the Web (graphics, machine learning, heavy processing), under incubation in the GPU for the Web CG. Transition to a Working Group is under discussion. Determine next steps after the successful W3C Workshop on Web Games of June 2019. View the report. Timed Text The Timed Text Working Group develops and maintains formats used for the representation of text synchronized with other timed media, like audio and video, and notably works on TTML, profiles of TTML, and WebVTT. Recent progress includes: A robust WebVTT implementation report poises the specification for publication as a proposed recommendation. Discussions around re-chartering, notably to add a TTML Profile for Audio Description deliverable to the scope of the group, and clarify that rendering of captions within XR content is also in scope. Immersive Web Hardware that enables Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) applications are now broadly available to consumers, offering an immersive computing platform with both new opportunities and challenges. The ability to interact directly with immersive hardware is critical to ensuring that the web is well equipped to operate as a first-class citizen in this environment. The Immersive Web Working Group has been stabilizing the WebXR Device API while the companion Immersive Web Community Group incubates the next series of features identified as key for the future of the Immersive Web. W3C plans a workshop focused on the needs and benefits at the intersection of VR & Accessibility (Inclusive XR), on 5-6 November 2019 in Seattle, WA, USA, to explore existing and future approaches on making Virtual and Augmented Reality experiences more inclusive. Web & Telecommunications The Web is the Open Platform for Mobile. Telecommunication service providers and network equipment providers have long been critical actors in the deployment of Web technologies. As the Web platform matures, it brings richer and richer capabilities to extend existing services to new users and devices, and propose new and innovative services. Real-Time Communications (WebRTC) All Real-Time Communications specifications WebRTC has reshaped the whole communication landscape by making any connected device a potential communication end-point, bringing audio and video communications anywhere, on any network, vastly expanding the ability of operators to reach their customers. WebRTC serves as the corner-stone of many online communication and collaboration services. The WebRTC Working Group aims to bringing WebRTC 1.0 (and companion specification Media Capture and Streams) to Recommendation by the end of 2019. Intense efforts are focused on testing (supported by a dedicated hackathon at IETF 104) and interoperability. The group is considering pushing features that have not gotten enough traction to separate modules or to a later minor revision of the spec. Beyond WebRTC 1.0, the WebRTC Working Group will focus its efforts on WebRTC NV which the group has started documenting by identifying use cases. Web & Networks Recently launched, in the wake of the May 2018 Web5G workshop, the Web & Networks Interest Group is chaired by representatives from AT&T, China Mobile and Intel, with a goal to explore solutions for web applications to achieve better performance and resource allocation, both on the device and network. The group's first efforts are around use cases, privacy & security requirements and liaisons. Automotive All Automotive specifications To create a rich application ecosystem for vehicles and other devices allowed to connect to the vehicle, the W3C Automotive Working Group is delivering a service specification to expose all common vehicle signals (engine temperature, fuel/charge level, range, tire pressure, speed, etc.) The Vehicle Information Service Specification (VISS), which is a Candidate Recommendation, is seeing more implementations across the industry. It provides the access method to a common data model for all the vehicle signals –presently encapsulating a thousand or so different data elements– and will be growing to accommodate the advances in automotive such as autonomous and driver assist technologies and electrification. The group is already working on a successor to VISS, leveraging the underlying data model and the VIWI submission from Volkswagen, for a more robust means of accessing vehicle signals information and the same paradigm for other automotive needs including location-based services, media, notifications and caching content. The Automotive and Web Platform Business Group acts as an incubator for prospective standards work. One of its task forces is using W3C VISS in performing data sampling and off-boarding the information to the cloud. Access to the wealth of information that W3C's auto signals standard exposes is of interest to regulators, urban planners, insurance companies, auto manufacturers, fleet managers and owners, service providers and others. In addition to components needed for data sampling and edge computing, capturing user and owner consent, information collection methods and handling of data are in scope. The upcoming W3C Workshop on Data Models for Transportation (September 2019) is expected to focus on the need of additional ontologies around transportation space. Web of Things All Web of Things specifications W3C's Web of Things work is designed to bridge disparate technology stacks to allow devices to work together and achieve scale, thus enabling the potential of the Internet of Things by eliminating fragmentation and fostering interoperability. Thing descriptions expressed in JSON-LD cover the behavior, interaction affordances, data schema, security configuration, and protocol bindings. The Web of Things complements existing IoT ecosystems to reduce the cost and risk for suppliers and consumers of applications that create value by combining multiple devices and information services. There are many sectors that will benefit, e.g. smart homes, smart cities, smart industry, smart agriculture, smart healthcare and many more. The Web of Things Working Group is finishing the initial Web of Things standards, with support from the Web of Things Interest Group: Web of Things Architecture Thing Descriptions Strengthening the Core of the Web HTML The HTML Working Group was chartered early June to assist the W3C community in raising issues and proposing solutions for the HTML and DOM specifications, and to produce W3C Recommendations from WHATWG Review Drafts. A few days before, W3C and the WHATWG signed a Memorandum of Understanding outlining the agreement to collaborate on the development of a single version of the HTML and DOM specifications. Issues and proposed solutions for HTML and DOM done via the newly rechartered HTML Working Group in the WHATWG repositories The HTML Working Group is targetting November 2019 to bring HTML and DOM to Candidate Recommendations. CSS All CSS specifications CSS is a critical part of the Open Web Platform. The CSS Working Group gathers requirements from two large groups of CSS users: the publishing industry and application developers. Within W3C, those groups are exemplified by the Publishing groups and the Web Platform Working Group. The former requires things like better pagination support and advanced font handling, the latter needs intelligent (and fast!) scrolling and animations. What we know as CSS is actually a collection of almost a hundred specifications, referred to as ‘modules’. The current state of CSS is defined by a snapshot, updated once a year. The group also publishes an index defining every term defined by CSS specifications. Fonts All Fonts specifications The Web Fonts Working Group develops specifications that allow the interoperable deployment of downloadable fonts on the Web, with a focus on Progressive Font Enrichment as well as maintenance of WOFF Recommendations. Recent and ongoing work includes: Early API experiments by Adobe and Monotype have demonstrated the feasibility of a font enrichment API, where a server delivers a font with minimal glyph repertoire and the client can query the full repertoire and request additional subsets on-the-fly. In other experiments, the Brotli compression used in WOFF 2 was extended to support shared dictionaries and patch update. Metrics to quantify improvement are a current hot discussion topic. The group will meet at ATypi 2019 in Japan, to gather requirements from the international typography community. The group will first produce a report summarizing the strengths and weaknesses of each prototype solution by Q2 2020. SVG All SVG specifications SVG is an important and widely-used part of the Open Web Platform. The SVG Working Group focuses on aligning the SVG 2.0 specification with browser implementations, having split the specification into a currently-implemented 2.0 and a forward-looking 2.1. Current activity is on stabilization, increased integration with the Open Web Platform, and test coverage analysis. The Working Group was rechartered in March 2019. A new work item concerns native (non-Web-browser) uses of SVG as a non-interactive, vector graphics format. Audio The Web Audio Working Group was extended to finish its work on the Web Audio API, expecting to publish it as a Recommendation by year end. The specification enables synthesizing audio in the browser. Audio operations are performed with audio nodes, which are linked together to form a modular audio routing graph. Multiple sources — with different types of channel layout — are supported. This modular design provides the flexibility to create complex audio functions with dynamic effects. The first version of Web Audio API is now feature complete and is implemented in all modern browsers. Work has started on the next version, and new features are being incubated in the Audio Community Group. Performance Web Performance All Web Performance specifications There are currently 18 specifications in development in the Web Performance Working Group aiming to provide methods to observe and improve aspects of application performance of user agent features and APIs. The W3C team is looking at related work incubated in the W3C GPU for the Web (WebGPU) Community Group which is poised to transition to a W3C Working Group. A preliminary draft charter is available. WebAssembly All WebAssembly specifications WebAssembly improves Web performance and power by being a virtual machine and execution environment enabling loaded pages to run native (compiled) code. It is deployed in Firefox, Edge, Safari and Chrome. The specification will soon reach Candidate Recommendation. WebAssembly enables near-native performance, optimized load time, and perhaps most importantly, a compilation target for existing code bases. While it has a small number of native types, much of the performance increase relative to Javascript derives from its use of consistent typing. WebAssembly leverages decades of optimization for compiled languages and the byte code is optimized for compactness and streaming (the web page starts executing while the rest of the code downloads). Network and API access all occurs through accompanying Javascript libraries -- the security model is identical to that of Javascript. Requirements gathering and language development occur in the Community Group while the Working Group manages test development, community review and progression of specifications on the Recommendation Track. Testing Browser testing plays a critical role in the growth of the Web by: Improving the reliability of Web technology definitions; Improving the quality of implementations of these technologies by helping vendors to detect bugs in their products; Improving the data available to Web developers on known bugs and deficiencies of Web technologies by publishing results of these tests. Browser Testing and Tools The Browser Testing and Tools Working Group is developing WebDriver version 2, having published last year the W3C Recommendation of WebDriver. WebDriver acts as a remote control interface that enables introspection and control of user agents, provides a platform- and language-neutral wire protocol as a way for out-of-process programs to remotely instruct the behavior of Web, and emulates the actions of a real person using the browser. WebPlatform Tests The WebPlatform Tests project now provides a mechanism which allows to fully automate tests that previously needed to be run manually: TestDriver. TestDriver enables sending trusted key and mouse events, sending complex series of trusted pointer and key interactions for things like in-content drag-and-drop or pinch zoom, and even file upload. Since 2014 W3C began work on this coordinated open-source effort to build a cross-browser test suite for the Web Platform, which WHATWG, and all major browsers adopted. Web of Data All Data specifications There have been several great success stories around the standardization of data on the web over the past year. Verifiable Claims seems to have significant uptake. It is also significant that the Distributed Identifier WG charter has received numerous favorable reviews, and was just recently launched. JSON-LD has been a major success with the large deployment on Web sites via schema.org. JSON-LD 1.1 completed technical work, about to transition to CR More than 25% of websites today include schema.org data in JSON-LD The Web of Things description is in CR since May, making use of JSON-LD Verifiable Credentials data model is in CR since July, also making use of JSON-LD Continued strong interest in decentralized identifiers Engagement from the TAG with reframing core documents, such as Ethical Web Principles, to include data on the web within their scope Data is increasingly important for all organizations, especially with the rise of IoT and Big Data. W3C has a mature and extensive suite of standards relating to data that were developed over two decades of experience, with plans for further work on making it easier for developers to work with graph data and knowledge graphs. Linked Data is about the use of URIs as names for things, the ability to dereference these URIs to get further information and to include links to other data. There are ever-increasing sources of open Linked Data on the Web, as well as data services that are restricted to the suppliers and consumers of those services. The digital transformation of industry is seeking to exploit advanced digital technologies. This will facilitate businesses to integrate horizontally along the supply and value chains, and vertically from the factory floor to the office floor. W3C is seeking to make it easier to support enterprise-wide data management and governance, reflecting the strategic importance of data to modern businesses. Traditional approaches to data have focused on tabular databases (SQL/RDBMS), Comma Separated Value (CSV) files, and data embedded in PDF documents and spreadsheets. We're now in midst of a major shift to graph data with nodes and labeled directed links between them. Graph data is: Faster than using SQL and associated JOIN operations More favorable to integrating data from heterogeneous sources Better suited to situations where the data model is evolving In the wake of the recent W3C Workshop on Graph Data we are in the process of launching a Graph Standardization Business Group to provide a business perspective with use cases and requirements, to coordinate technical standards work and liaisons with external organizations. Web for All Security, Privacy, Identity All Security specifications, all Privacy specifications Authentication on the Web As the WebAuthn Level 1 W3C Recommendation published last March is seeing wide implementation and adoption of strong cryptographic authentication, work is proceeding on Level 2. The open standard Web API gives native authentication technology built into native platforms, browsers, operating systems (including mobile) and hardware, offering protection against hacking, credential theft, phishing attacks, thus aiming to end the era of passwords as a security construct. You may read more in our March press release. Privacy An increasing number of W3C specifications are benefitting from Privacy and Security review; there are security and privacy aspects to every specification. Early review is essential. Working with the TAG, the Privacy Interest Group has updated the Self-Review Questionnaire: Security and Privacy. Other recent work of the group includes public blogging further to the exploration of anti-patterns in standards and permission prompts. Security The Web Application Security Working Group adopted Feature Policy, aiming to allow developers to selectively enable, disable, or modify the behavior of some of these browser features and APIs within their application; and Fetch Metadata, aiming to provide servers with enough information to make a priori decisions about whether or not to service a request based on the way it was made, and the context in which it will be used. The Web Payment Security Interest Group, launched last April, convenes members from W3C, EMVCo, and the FIDO Alliance to discuss cooperative work to enhance the security and interoperability of Web payments (read more about payments). Internationalization (i18n) All Internationalization specifications, educational articles related to Internationalization, spec developers checklist Only a quarter or so current Web users use English online and that proportion will continue to decrease as the Web reaches more and more communities of limited English proficiency. If the Web is to live up to the "World Wide" portion of its name, and for the Web to truly work for stakeholders all around the world engaging with content in various languages, it must support the needs of worldwide users as they engage with content in the various languages. The growth of epublishing also brings requirements for new features and improved typography on the Web. It is important to ensure the needs of local communities are captured. The W3C Internationalization Initiative was set up to increase in-house resources dedicated to accelerating progress in making the World Wide Web "worldwide" by gathering user requirements, supporting developers, and education & outreach. For an overview of current projects see the i18n radar. W3C's Internationalization efforts progressed on a number of fronts recently: Requirements: New African and European language groups will work on the gap analysis, errata and layout requirements. Gap analysis: Japanese, Devanagari, Bengali, Tamil, Lao, Khmer, Javanese, and Ethiopic updated in the gap-analysis documents. Layout requirements document: notable progress tracked in the Southeast Asian Task Force while work continues on Chinese layout requirements. Developer support: Spec reviews: the i18n WG continues active review of specifications of the WHATWG and other W3C Working Groups. Short review checklist: easy way to begin a self-review to help spec developers understand what aspects of their spec are likely to need attention for internationalization, and points them to more detailed checklists for the relevant topics. It also helps those reviewing specs for i18n issues. Strings on the Web: Language and Direction Metadata lays out issues and discusses potential solutions for passing information about language and direction with strings in JSON or other data formats. The document was rewritten for clarity, and expanded. The group is collaborating with the JSON-LD and Web Publishing groups to develop a plan for updating RDF, JSON-LD and related specifications to handle metadata for base direction of text (bidi). User-friendly test format: a new format was developed for Internationalization Test Suite tests, which displays helpful information about how the test works. This particularly useful because those tests are pointed to by educational materials and gap-analysis documents. Web Platform Tests: a large number of tests in the i18n test suite have been ported to the WPT repository, including: css-counter-styles, css-ruby, css-syntax, css-test, css-text-decor, css-writing-modes, and css-pseudo. Education & outreach: (for all educational materials, see the HTML & CSS Authoring Techniques) Web Accessibility All Accessibility specifications, WAI resources The Web Accessibility Initiative supports W3C's Web for All mission. Recent achievements include: Education and training: Inaccessibility of CAPTCHA updated to bring our analysis and recommendations up to date with CAPTCHA practice today, concluding two years of extensive work and invaluable input from the public (read more on the W3C Blog Learn why your web content and applications should be accessible. The Education and Outreach Working Group has completed revision and updating of the Business Case for Digital Accessibility. Accessibility guidelines: The Accessibility Guidelines Working Group has continued to update WCAG Techniques and Understanding WCAG 2.1; and published a Candidate Recommendation of Accessibility Conformance Testing Rules Format 1.0 to improve inter-rater reliability when evaluating conformance of web content to WCAG An updated charter is being developed to host work on "Silver", the next generation accessibility guidelines (WCAG 2.2) There are accessibility aspects to most specifications. Check your work with the FAST checklist. Outreach to the world W3C Developer Relations To foster the excellent feedback loop between Web Standards development and Web developers, and to grow participation from that diverse community, recent W3C Developer Relations activities include: @w3cdevs tracks the enormous amount of work happening across W3C W3C Track during the Web Conference 2019 in San Francisco Tech videos: W3C published the 2019 Web Games Workshop videos The 16 September 2019 Developer Meetup in Fukuoka, Japan, is open to all and will combine a set of technical demos prepared by W3C groups, and a series of talks on a selected set of W3C technologies and projects W3C is involved with Mozilla, Google, Samsung, Microsoft and Bocoup in the organization of ViewSource 2019 in Amsterdam (read more on the W3C Blog) W3C Training In partnership with EdX, W3C's MOOC training program, W3Cx offers a complete "Front-End Web Developer" (FEWD) professional certificate program that consists of a suite of five courses on the foundational languages that power the Web: HTML5, CSS and JavaScript. We count nearly 900K students from all over the world. Translations Many Web users rely on translations of documents developed at W3C whose official language is English. W3C is extremely grateful to the continuous efforts of its community in ensuring our various deliverables in general, and in our specifications in particular, are made available in other languages, for free, ensuring their exposure to a much more diverse set of readers. Last Spring we developed a more robust system, a new listing of translations of W3C specifications and updated the instructions on how to contribute to our translation efforts. W3C Liaisons Liaisons and coordination with numerous organizations and Standards Development Organizations (SDOs) is crucial for W3C to: make sure standards are interoperable coordinate our respective agenda in Internet governance: W3C participates in ICANN, GIPO, IGF, the I* organizations (ICANN, IETF, ISOC, IAB). ensure at the government liaison level that our standards work is officially recognized when important to our membership so that products based on them (often done by our members) are part of procurement orders. W3C has ARO/PAS status with ISO. W3C participates in the EU MSP and Rolling Plan on Standardization ensure the global set of Web and Internet standards form a compatible stack of technologies, at the technical and policy level (patent regime, fragmentation, use in policy making) promote Standards adoption equally by the industry, the public sector, and the public at large Coralie Mercier, Editor, W3C Marketing & Communications $Id: Overview.html,v 1.60 2019/10/15 12:05:52 coralie Exp $ Copyright © 2019 W3C ® (MIT, ERCIM, Keio, Beihang) Usage policies apply.

A small tool for creating single-file html documents

# big-o-performance A simple html app to demonstrate performance costs of data structures. - Clone the project - Navigate to the root of the project in a termina or command prompt - Run 'npm install' - Run 'npm start' - Go to the URL specified in the terminal or command prompt to try out the app. # This app was created from the Create React App NPM. Below are instructions from that project. Below you will find some information on how to perform common tasks. You can find the most recent version of this guide [here](https://github.com/facebookincubator/create-react-app/blob/master/template/README.md). ## Table of Contents - [Updating to New Releases](#updating-to-new-releases) - [Sending Feedback](#sending-feedback) - [Folder Structure](#folder-structure) - [Available Scripts](#available-scripts) - [npm start](#npm-start) - [npm run build](#npm-run-build) - [npm run eject](#npm-run-eject) - [Displaying Lint Output in the Editor](#displaying-lint-output-in-the-editor) - [Installing a Dependency](#installing-a-dependency) - [Importing a Component](#importing-a-component) - [Adding a Stylesheet](#adding-a-stylesheet) - [Post-Processing CSS](#post-processing-css) - [Adding Images and Fonts](#adding-images-and-fonts) - [Adding Bootstrap](#adding-bootstrap) - [Adding Flow](#adding-flow) - [Adding Custom Environment Variables](#adding-custom-environment-variables) - [Integrating with a Node Backend](#integrating-with-a-node-backend) - [Proxying API Requests in Development](#proxying-api-requests-in-development) - [Deployment](#deployment) - [Now](#now) - [Heroku](#heroku) - [Surge](#surge) - [GitHub Pages](#github-pages) - [Something Missing?](#something-missing) ## Updating to New Releases Create React App is divided into two packages: * `create-react-app` is a global command-line utility that you use to create new projects. * `react-scripts` is a development dependency in the generated projects (including this one). You almost never need to update `create-react-app` itself: it’s delegates all the setup to `react-scripts`. When you run `create-react-app`, it always creates the project with the latest version of `react-scripts` so you’ll get all the new features and improvements in newly created apps automatically. To update an existing project to a new version of `react-scripts`, [open the changelog](https://github.com/facebookincubator/create-react-app/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md), find the version you’re currently on (check `package.json` in this folder if you’re not sure), and apply the migration instructions for the newer versions. In most cases bumping the `react-scripts` version in `package.json` and running `npm install` in this folder should be enough, but it’s good to consult the [changelog](https://github.com/facebookincubator/create-react-app/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md) for potential breaking changes. We commit to keeping the breaking changes minimal so you can upgrade `react-scripts` painlessly. ## Sending Feedback We are always open to [your feedback](https://github.com/facebookincubator/create-react-app/issues). ## Folder Structure After creation, your project should look like this: ``` my-app/ README.md index.html favicon.ico node_modules/ package.json src/ App.css App.js index.css index.js logo.svg ``` For the project to build, **these files must exist with exact filenames**: * `index.html` is the page template; * `favicon.ico` is the icon you see in the browser tab; * `src/index.js` is the JavaScript entry point. You can delete or rename the other files. You may create subdirectories inside `src`. For faster rebuilds, only files inside `src` are processed by Webpack. You need to **put any JS and CSS files inside `src`**, or Webpack won’t see them. You can, however, create more top-level directories. They will not be included in the production build so you can use them for things like documentation. ## Available Scripts In the project directory, you can run: ### `npm start` Runs the app in the development mode.<br> Open [http://localhost:3000](http://localhost:3000) to view it in the browser. The page will reload if you make edits.<br> You will also see any lint errors in the console. ### `npm run build` Builds the app for production to the `build` folder.<br> It correctly bundles React in production mode and optimizes the build for the best performance. The build is minified and the filenames include the hashes.<br> Your app is ready to be deployed! ### `npm run eject` **Note: this is a one-way operation. Once you `eject`, you can’t go back!** If you aren’t satisfied with the build tool and configuration choices, you can `eject` at any time. This command will remove the single build dependency from your project. Instead, it will copy all the configuration files and the transitive dependencies (Webpack, Babel, ESLint, etc) right into your project so you have full control over them. All of the commands except `eject` will still work, but they will point to the copied scripts so you can tweak them. At this point you’re on your own. You don’t have to ever use `eject`. The curated feature set is suitable for small and middle deployments, and you shouldn’t feel obligated to use this feature. However we understand that this tool wouldn’t be useful if you couldn’t customize it when you are ready for it. ## Displaying Lint Output in the Editor >Note: this feature is available with `react-scripts@0.2.0` and higher. Some editors, including Sublime Text, Atom, and Visual Studio Code, provide plugins for ESLint. They are not required for linting. You should see the linter output right in your terminal as well as the browser console. However, if you prefer the lint results to appear right in your editor, there are some extra steps you can do. You would need to install an ESLint plugin for your editor first. >**A note for Atom `linter-eslint` users** >If you are using the Atom `linter-eslint` plugin, make sure that **Use global ESLint installation** option is checked: ><img src="http://i.imgur.com/yVNNHJM.png" width="300"> Then make sure `package.json` of your project ends with this block: ```js { // ... "eslintConfig": { "extends": "./node_modules/react-scripts/config/eslint.js" } } ``` Projects generated with `react-scripts@0.2.0` and higher should already have it. If you don’t need ESLint integration with your editor, you can safely delete those three lines from your `package.json`. Finally, you will need to install some packages *globally*: ```sh npm install -g eslint babel-eslint eslint-plugin-react eslint-plugin-import eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y eslint-plugin-flowtype ``` We recognize that this is suboptimal, but it is currently required due to the way we hide the ESLint dependency. The ESLint team is already [working on a solution to this](https://github.com/eslint/eslint/issues/3458) so this may become unnecessary in a couple of months. ## Installing a Dependency The generated project includes React and ReactDOM as dependencies. It also includes a set of scripts used by Create React App as a development dependency. You may install other dependencies (for example, React Router) with `npm`: ``` npm install --save <library-name> ``` ## Importing a Component This project setup supports ES6 modules thanks to Babel. While you can still use `require()` and `module.exports`, we encourage you to use [`import` and `export`](http://exploringjs.com/es6/ch_modules.html) instead. For example: ### `Button.js` ```js import React, { Component } from 'react'; class Button extends Component { render() { // ... } } export default Button; // Don’t forget to use export default! ``` ### `DangerButton.js` ```js import React, { Component } from 'react'; import Button from './Button'; // Import a component from another file class DangerButton extends Component { render() { return <Button color="red" />; } } export default DangerButton; ``` Be aware of the [difference between default and named exports](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/36795819/react-native-es-6-when-should-i-use-curly-braces-for-import/36796281#36796281). It is a common source of mistakes. We suggest that you stick to using default imports and exports when a module only exports a single thing (for example, a component). That’s what you get when you use `export default Button` and `import Button from './Button'`. Named exports are useful for utility modules that export several functions. A module may have at most one default export and as many named exports as you like. Learn more about ES6 modules: * [When to use the curly braces?](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/36795819/react-native-es-6-when-should-i-use-curly-braces-for-import/36796281#36796281) * [Exploring ES6: Modules](http://exploringjs.com/es6/ch_modules.html) * [Understanding ES6: Modules](https://leanpub.com/understandinges6/read#leanpub-auto-encapsulating-code-with-modules) ## Adding a Stylesheet This project setup uses [Webpack](https://webpack.github.io/) for handling all assets. Webpack offers a custom way of “extending” the concept of `import` beyond JavaScript. To express that a JavaScript file depends on a CSS file, you need to **import the CSS from the JavaScript file**: ### `Button.css` ```css .Button { padding: 20px; } ``` ### `Button.js` ```js import React, { Component } from 'react'; import './Button.css'; // Tell Webpack that Button.js uses these styles class Button extends Component { render() { // You can use them as regular CSS styles return <div className="Button" />; } } ``` **This is not required for React** but many people find this feature convenient. You can read about the benefits of this approach [here](https://medium.com/seek-ui-engineering/block-element-modifying-your-javascript-components-d7f99fcab52b). However you should be aware that this makes your code less portable to other build tools and environments than Webpack. In development, expressing dependencies this way allows your styles to be reloaded on the fly as you edit them. In production, all CSS files will be concatenated into a single minified `.css` file in the build output. If you are concerned about using Webpack-specific semantics, you can put all your CSS right into `src/index.css`. It would still be imported from `src/index.js`, but you could always remove that import if you later migrate to a different build tool. ## Post-Processing CSS This project setup minifies your CSS and adds vendor prefixes to it automatically through [Autoprefixer](https://github.com/postcss/autoprefixer) so you don’t need to worry about it. For example, this: ```css .App { display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: center; } ``` becomes this: ```css .App { display: -webkit-box; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; -webkit-box-direction: normal; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -webkit-box-align: center; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; } ``` There is currently no support for preprocessors such as Less, or for sharing variables across CSS files. ## Adding Images and Fonts With Webpack, using static assets like images and fonts works similarly to CSS. You can **`import` an image right in a JavaScript module**. This tells Webpack to include that image in the bundle. Unlike CSS imports, importing an image or a font gives you a string value. This value is the final image path you can reference in your code. Here is an example: ```js import React from 'react'; import logo from './logo.png'; // Tell Webpack this JS file uses this image console.log(logo); // /logo.84287d09.png function Header() { // Import result is the URL of your image return <img src={logo} alt="Logo" />; } export default function Header; ``` This works in CSS too: ```css .Logo { background-image: url(./logo.png); } ``` Webpack finds all relative module references in CSS (they start with `./`) and replaces them with the final paths from the compiled bundle. If you make a typo or accidentally delete an important file, you will see a compilation error, just like when you import a non-existent JavaScript module. The final filenames in the compiled bundle are generated by Webpack from content hashes. If the file content changes in the future, Webpack will give it a different name in production so you don’t need to worry about long-term caching of assets. Please be advised that this is also a custom feature of Webpack. **It is not required for React** but many people enjoy it (and React Native uses a similar mechanism for images). However it may not be portable to some other environments, such as Node.js and Browserify. If you prefer to reference static assets in a more traditional way outside the module system, please let us know [in this issue](https://github.com/facebookincubator/create-react-app/issues/28), and we will consider support for this. ## Adding Bootstrap You don’t have to use [React Bootstrap](https://react-bootstrap.github.io) together with React but it is a popular library for integrating Bootstrap with React apps. If you need it, you can integrate it with Create React App by following these steps: Install React Bootstrap and Bootstrap from NPM. React Bootstrap does not include Bootstrap CSS so this needs to be installed as well: ``` npm install react-bootstrap --save npm install bootstrap@3 --save ``` Import Bootstrap CSS and optionally Bootstrap theme CSS in the ```src/index.js``` file: ```js import 'bootstrap/dist/css/bootstrap.css'; import 'bootstrap/dist/css/bootstrap-theme.css'; ``` Import required React Bootstrap components within ```src/App.js``` file or your custom component files: ```js import { Navbar, Jumbotron, Button } from 'react-bootstrap'; ``` Now you are ready to use the imported React Bootstrap components within your component hierarchy defined in the render method. Here is an example [`App.js`](https://gist.githubusercontent.com/gaearon/85d8c067f6af1e56277c82d19fd4da7b/raw/6158dd991b67284e9fc8d70b9d973efe87659d72/App.js) redone using React Bootstrap. ## Adding Flow Flow typing is currently [not supported out of the box](https://github.com/facebookincubator/create-react-app/issues/72) with the default `.flowconfig` generated by Flow. If you run it, you might get errors like this: ```js node_modules/fbjs/lib/Deferred.js.flow:60 60: Promise.prototype.done.apply(this._promise, arguments); ^^^^ property `done`. Property not found in 495: declare class Promise<+R> { ^ Promise. See lib: /private/tmp/flow/flowlib_34952d31/core.js:495 node_modules/fbjs/lib/shallowEqual.js.flow:29 29: return x !== 0 || 1 / (x: $FlowIssue) === 1 / (y: $FlowIssue); ^^^^^^^^^^ identifier `$FlowIssue`. Could not resolve name src/App.js:3 3: import logo from './logo.svg'; ^^^^^^^^^^^^ ./logo.svg. Required module not found src/App.js:4 4: import './App.css'; ^^^^^^^^^^^ ./App.css. Required module not found src/index.js:5 5: import './index.css'; ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ./index.css. Required module not found ``` To fix this, change your `.flowconfig` to look like this: ```ini [libs] ./node_modules/fbjs/flow/lib [options] esproposal.class_static_fields=enable esproposal.class_instance_fields=enable module.name_mapper='^\(.*\)\.css$' -> 'react-scripts/config/flow/css' module.name_mapper='^\(.*\)\.\(jpg\|png\|gif\|eot\|otf\|webp\|svg\|ttf\|woff\|woff2\|mp4\|webm\)$' -> 'react-scripts/config/flow/file' suppress_type=$FlowIssue suppress_type=$FlowFixMe ``` Re-run flow, and you shouldn’t get any extra issues. If you later `eject`, you’ll need to replace `react-scripts` references with the `<PROJECT_ROOT>` placeholder, for example: ```ini module.name_mapper='^\(.*\)\.css$' -> '<PROJECT_ROOT>/config/flow/css' module.name_mapper='^\(.*\)\.\(jpg\|png\|gif\|eot\|otf\|webp\|svg\|ttf\|woff\|woff2\|mp4\|webm\)$' -> '<PROJECT_ROOT>/config/flow/file' ``` We will consider integrating more tightly with Flow in the future so that you don’t have to do this. ## Adding Custom Environment Variables >Note: this feature is available with `react-scripts@0.2.3` and higher. Your project can consume variables declared in your environment as if they were declared locally in your JS files. By default you will have `NODE_ENV` defined for you, and any other environment variables starting with `REACT_APP_`. These environment variables will be defined for you on `process.env`. For example, having an environment variable named `REACT_APP_SECRET_CODE` will be exposed in your JS as `process.env.REACT_APP_SECRET_CODE`, in addition to `process.env.NODE_ENV`. These environment variables can be useful for displaying information conditionally based on where the project is deployed or consuming sensitive data that lives outside of version control. First, you need to have environment variables defined, which can vary between OSes. For example, let's say you wanted to consume a secret defined in the environment inside a `<form>`: ```jsx render() { return ( <div> <small>You are running this application in <b>{process.env.NODE_ENV}</b> mode.</small> <form> <input type="hidden" defaultValue={process.env.REACT_APP_SECRET_CODE} /> </form> </div> ); } ``` The above form is looking for a variable called `REACT_APP_SECRET_CODE` from the environment. In order to consume this value, we need to have it defined in the environment: ### Windows (cmd.exe) ```cmd set REACT_APP_SECRET_CODE=abcdef&&npm start ``` (Note: the lack of whitespace is intentional.) ### Linux, OS X (Bash) ```bash REACT_APP_SECRET_CODE=abcdef npm start ``` > Note: Defining environment variables in this manner is temporary for the life of the shell session. Setting permanent environment variables is outside the scope of these docs. With our environment variable defined, we start the app and consume the values. Remember that the `NODE_ENV` variable will be set for you automatically. When you load the app in the browser and inspect the `<input>`, you will see its value set to `abcdef`, and the bold text will show the environment provided when using `npm start`: ```html <div> <small>You are running this application in <b>development</b> mode.</small> <form> <input type="hidden" value="abcdef" /> </form> </div> ``` Having access to the `NODE_ENV` is also useful for performing actions conditionally: ```js if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') { analytics.disable(); } ``` ## Integrating with a Node Backend Check out [this tutorial](https://www.fullstackreact.com/articles/using-create-react-app-with-a-server/) for instructions on integrating an app with a Node backend running on another port, and using `fetch()` to access it. You can find the companion GitHub repository [here](https://github.com/fullstackreact/food-lookup-demo). ## Proxying API Requests in Development >Note: this feature is available with `react-scripts@0.2.3` and higher. People often serve the front-end React app from the same host and port as their backend implementation. For example, a production setup might look like this after the app is deployed: ``` / - static server returns index.html with React app /todos - static server returns index.html with React app /api/todos - server handles any /api/* requests using the backend implementation ``` Such setup is **not** required. However, if you **do** have a setup like this, it is convenient to write requests like `fetch('/api/todos')` without worrying about redirecting them to another host or port during development. To tell the development server to proxy any unknown requests to your API server in development, add a `proxy` field to your `package.json`, for example: ```js "proxy": "http://localhost:4000", ``` This way, when you `fetch('/api/todos')` in development, the development server will recognize that it’s not a static asset, and will proxy your request to `http://localhost:4000/api/todos` as a fallback. Conveniently, this avoids [CORS issues](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/21854516/understanding-ajax-cors-and-security-considerations) and error messages like this in development: ``` Fetch API cannot load http://localhost:4000/api/todos. No 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' header is present on the requested resource. Origin 'http://localhost:3000' is therefore not allowed access. If an opaque response serves your needs, set the request's mode to 'no-cors' to fetch the resource with CORS disabled. ``` Keep in mind that `proxy` only has effect in development (with `npm start`), and it is up to you to ensure that URLs like `/api/todos` point to the right thing in production. You don’t have to use the `/api` prefix. Any unrecognized request will be redirected to the specified `proxy`. Currently the `proxy` option only handles HTTP requests, and it won’t proxy WebSocket connections. If the `proxy` option is **not** flexible enough for you, alternatively you can: * Enable CORS on your server ([here’s how to do it for Express](http://enable-cors.org/server_expressjs.html)). * Use [environment variables](#adding-custom-environment-variables) to inject the right server host and port into your app. ## Deployment By default, Create React App produces a build assuming your app is hosted at the server root. To override this, specify the `homepage` in your `package.json`, for example: ```js "homepage": "http://mywebsite.com/relativepath", ``` This will let Create React App correctly infer the root path to use in the generated HTML file. ### Now See [this example](https://github.com/xkawi/create-react-app-now) for a zero-configuration single-command deployment with [now](https://zeit.co/now). ### Heroku Use the [Heroku Buildpack for Create React App](https://github.com/mars/create-react-app-buildpack). You can find instructions in [Deploying React with Zero Configuration](https://blog.heroku.com/deploying-react-with-zero-configuration). ### Surge Install the Surge CLI if you haven't already by running `npm install -g surge`. Run the `surge` command and log in you or create a new account. You just need to specify the *build* folder and your custom domain, and you are done. ```sh email: email@domain.com password: ******** project path: /path/to/project/build size: 7 files, 1.8 MB domain: create-react-app.surge.sh upload: [====================] 100%, eta: 0.0s propagate on CDN: [====================] 100% plan: Free users: email@domain.com IP Address: X.X.X.X Success! Project is published and running at create-react-app.surge.sh ``` Note that in order to support routers that use html5 `pushState` API, you may want to rename the `index.html` in your build folder to `200.html` before deploying to Surge. This [ensures that every URL falls back to that file](https://surge.sh/help/adding-a-200-page-for-client-side-routing). ### GitHub Pages >Note: this feature is available with `react-scripts@0.2.0` and higher. Open your `package.json` and add a `homepage` field: ```js "homepage": "http://myusername.github.io/my-app", ``` **The above step is important!** Create React App uses the `homepage` field to determine the root URL in the built HTML file. Now, whenever you run `npm run build`, you will see a cheat sheet with a sequence of commands to deploy to GitHub pages: ```sh git commit -am "Save local changes" git checkout -B gh-pages git add -f build git commit -am "Rebuild website" git filter-branch -f --prune-empty --subdirectory-filter build git push -f origin gh-pages git checkout - ``` You may copy and paste them, or put them into a custom shell script. You may also customize them for another hosting provider. Note that GitHub Pages doesn't support routers that use the HTML5 `pushState` history API under the hood (for example, React Router using `browserHistory`). This is because when there is a fresh page load for a url like `http://user.github.io/todomvc/todos/42`, where `/todos/42` is a frontend route, the GitHub Pages server returns 404 because it knows nothing of `/todos/42`. If you want to add a router to a project hosted on GitHub Pages, here are a couple of solutions: * You could switch from using HTML5 history API to routing with hashes. If you use React Router, you can switch to `hashHistory` for this effect, but the URL will be longer and more verbose (for example, `http://user.github.io/todomvc/#/todos/42?_k=yknaj`). [Read more](https://github.com/reactjs/react-router/blob/master/docs/guides/Histories.md#histories) about different history implementations in React Router. * Alternatively, you can use a trick to teach GitHub Pages to handle 404 by redirecting to your `index.html` page with a special redirect parameter. You would need to add a `404.html` file with the redirection code to the `build` folder before deploying your project, and you’ll need to add code handling the redirect parameter to `index.html`. You can find a detailed explanation of this technique [in this guide](https://github.com/rafrex/spa-github-pages). ## Something Missing? If you have ideas for more “How To” recipes that should be on this page, [let us know](https://github.com/facebookincubator/create-react-app/issues) or [contribute some!](https://github.com/facebookincubator/create-react-app/edit/master/template/README.md)

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w3-button" href="/w3css/default.asp">Learn W3.CSS</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/colors/default.asp">Learn Colors</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/icons/default.asp">Learn Icons</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/graphics/default.asp">Learn Graphics</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/graphics/svg_intro.asp">Learn SVG</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/graphics/canvas_intro.asp">Learn Canvas</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/howto/default.asp">Learn How To</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/sass/default.php">Learn Sass</a> <div class="w3-hide-large w3-hide-small"> <h3 class="w3-margin-top">Data Analytics</h3> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/ai/default.asp">Learn AI</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/python_ml_getting_started.asp">Learn Machine Learning</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/datascience/default.asp">Learn Data Science</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/numpy/default.asp">Learn NumPy</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/pandas/default.asp">Learn Pandas</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/scipy/index.php">Learn SciPy</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/matplotlib_intro.asp">Learn Matplotlib</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/statistics/index.php">Learn Statistics</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/excel/index.php">Learn Excel</a> <h3 class="w3-margin-top">XML Tutorials</h3> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/default.asp">Learn XML</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/ajax_intro.asp">Learn XML AJAX</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/dom_intro.asp">Learn XML DOM</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/xml_dtd_intro.asp">Learn XML DTD</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/schema_intro.asp">Learn XML Schema</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/xsl_intro.asp">Learn XSLT</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/xpath_intro.asp">Learn XPath</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/xquery_intro.asp">Learn XQuery</a> </div> </div> <div class="w3-col l3 m6"> <h3 class="w3-margin-top">JavaScript</h3> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/js/default.asp">Learn JavaScript</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/jquery/default.asp">Learn jQuery</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/react/default.asp">Learn React</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/angular/default.asp">Learn AngularJS</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/js/js_json_intro.asp">Learn JSON</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/js/js_ajax_intro.asp">Learn AJAX</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/appml/default.asp">Learn AppML</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/w3js/default.asp">Learn W3.JS</a> <h3 class="w3-margin-top">Programming</h3> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/default.asp">Learn Python</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/java/default.asp">Learn Java</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/c/index.php">Learn C</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cpp/default.asp">Learn C++</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cs/index.php">Learn C#</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/r/default.asp">Learn R</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/kotlin/index.php">Learn Kotlin</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/go/index.php">Learn Go</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/django/index.php">Learn Django</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/typescript/index.php">Learn TypeScript</a> </div> <div class="w3-col l3 m6"> <h3 class="w3-margin-top">Server Side</h3> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/sql/default.asp">Learn SQL</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/mysql/default.asp">Learn MySQL</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/php/default.asp">Learn PHP</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/asp/default.asp">Learn ASP</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/nodejs/default.asp">Learn Node.js</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/nodejs/nodejs_raspberrypi.asp">Learn Raspberry Pi</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/git/default.asp">Learn Git</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/aws/index.php">Learn AWS Cloud</a> <h3 class="w3-margin-top">Web Building</h3> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="https://www.w3schools.com/spaces" target="_blank" onclick="ga('send', 'event', 'spacesFromTutorialsAcc', 'click');" title="Get Your Own Website With W3schools Spaces">Create a Website <span class="ribbon-topnav ws-yellow">NEW</span></a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/where_to_start.asp">Where To Start</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/w3css/w3css_templates.asp">Web Templates</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/browsers/default.asp">Web Statistics</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cert/default.asp">Web Certificates</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/whatis/default.asp">Web Development</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/tryit/default.asp">Code Editor</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/typingspeed/default.asp">Test Your Typing Speed</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/codegame/index.html" target="_blank">Play a Code Game</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/cybersecurity/index.php">Cyber Security</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/accessibility/index.php">Accessibility</a> </div> <div class="w3-col l3 m6 w3-hide-medium"> <h3 class="w3-margin-top">Data Analytics</h3> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/ai/default.asp">Learn AI</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/python_ml_getting_started.asp">Learn Machine Learning</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/datascience/default.asp">Learn Data Science</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/numpy/default.asp">Learn NumPy</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/pandas/default.asp">Learn Pandas</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/scipy/index.php">Learn SciPy</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/python/matplotlib_intro.asp">Learn Matplotlib</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/statistics/index.php">Learn Statistics</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/excel/index.php">Learn Excel</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/googlesheets/index.php">Learn Google Sheets</a> <h3 class="w3-margin-top">XML Tutorials</h3> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/default.asp">Learn XML</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/ajax_intro.asp">Learn XML AJAX</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/dom_intro.asp">Learn XML DOM</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/xml_dtd_intro.asp">Learn XML DTD</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/schema_intro.asp">Learn XML Schema</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" href="/xml/xsl_intro.asp">Learn XSLT</a> <a class="w3-bar-item w3-button" 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target="_top" href="tag_cite.asp">&lt;cite&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_code.asp">&lt;code&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_col.asp">&lt;col&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_colgroup.asp">&lt;colgroup&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_data.asp">&lt;data&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_datalist.asp">&lt;datalist&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_dd.asp">&lt;dd&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_del.asp">&lt;del&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_details.asp">&lt;details&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_dfn.asp">&lt;dfn&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_dialog.asp">&lt;dialog&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_dir.asp">&lt;dir&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_div.asp">&lt;div&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_dl.asp">&lt;dl&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_dt.asp">&lt;dt&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_em.asp">&lt;em&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_embed.asp">&lt;embed&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_fieldset.asp">&lt;fieldset&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_figcaption.asp">&lt;figcaption&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_figure.asp">&lt;figure&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_font.asp">&lt;font&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_footer.asp">&lt;footer&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_form.asp">&lt;form&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_frame.asp">&lt;frame&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_frameset.asp">&lt;frameset&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_hn.asp">&lt;h1&gt; - &lt;h6&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_head.asp">&lt;head&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_header.asp">&lt;header&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_hr.asp">&lt;hr&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_html.asp">&lt;html&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_i.asp">&lt;i&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_iframe.asp">&lt;iframe&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_img.asp">&lt;img&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_input.asp">&lt;input&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_ins.asp">&lt;ins&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_kbd.asp">&lt;kbd&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_label.asp">&lt;label&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_legend.asp">&lt;legend&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_li.asp">&lt;li&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_link.asp">&lt;link&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_main.asp">&lt;main&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_map.asp">&lt;map&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_mark.asp">&lt;mark&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_meta.asp">&lt;meta&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_meter.asp">&lt;meter&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_nav.asp">&lt;nav&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_noframes.asp">&lt;noframes&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_noscript.asp">&lt;noscript&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_object.asp">&lt;object&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_ol.asp">&lt;ol&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_optgroup.asp">&lt;optgroup&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_option.asp">&lt;option&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_output.asp">&lt;output&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_p.asp" class="active">&lt;p&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_param.asp">&lt;param&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_picture.asp">&lt;picture&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_pre.asp">&lt;pre&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_progress.asp">&lt;progress&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_q.asp">&lt;q&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_rp.asp">&lt;rp&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_rt.asp">&lt;rt&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_ruby.asp">&lt;ruby&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_s.asp">&lt;s&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_samp.asp">&lt;samp&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_script.asp">&lt;script&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_section.asp">&lt;section&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_select.asp">&lt;select&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_small.asp">&lt;small&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_source.asp">&lt;source&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_span.asp">&lt;span&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_strike.asp">&lt;strike&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_strong.asp">&lt;strong&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_style.asp">&lt;style&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_sub.asp">&lt;sub&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_summary.asp">&lt;summary&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_sup.asp">&lt;sup&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_svg.asp">&lt;svg&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_table.asp">&lt;table&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_tbody.asp">&lt;tbody&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_td.asp">&lt;td&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_template.asp">&lt;template&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_textarea.asp">&lt;textarea&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_tfoot.asp">&lt;tfoot&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_th.asp">&lt;th&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_thead.asp">&lt;thead&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_time.asp">&lt;time&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_title.asp">&lt;title&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_tr.asp">&lt;tr&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_track.asp">&lt;track&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_tt.asp">&lt;tt&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_u.asp">&lt;u&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_ul.asp">&lt;ul&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_var.asp">&lt;var&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_video.asp">&lt;video&gt;</a> <a target="_top" href="tag_wbr.asp">&lt;wbr&gt;</a> </div> <br><br> </div> </div> </div> <div class="w3-main w3-light-grey" id="belowtopnav" style="margin-left: 220px; padding-top: 44px;"> <div class="w3-row w3-white"> <div class="w3-col l10 m12" id="main"> <div id="mainLeaderboard" style="overflow:hidden;"> <!-- MainLeaderboard--> <!--<pre>main_leaderboard, all: [728,90][970,90][320,50][468,60]</pre>--> <div id="adngin-main_leaderboard-0" data-google-query-id="CJPA_sueqvcCFXiOSwUd2fYBLg"><div id="google_ads_iframe_/22152718,16833175/sws-hb//w3schools.com//main_leaderboard_1__container__" style="border: 0pt none;"><iframe id="google_ads_iframe_/22152718,16833175/sws-hb//w3schools.com//main_leaderboard_1" name="google_ads_iframe_/22152718,16833175/sws-hb//w3schools.com//main_leaderboard_1" title="3rd party ad content" width="728" height="90" scrolling="no" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" frameborder="0" role="region" aria-label="Advertisement" tabindex="0" srcdoc="" data-google-container-id="7" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: bottom;" data-load-complete="true"><div style="position: absolute; width: 0px; height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden;"><button></button><a href="https://yahoo.com"></a><input></div></iframe></div></div> <!-- adspace leaderboard --> </div> <h1>HTML <span class="color_h1">&lt;p&gt;</span> Tag</h1> <div class="w3-clear w3-center nextprev"> <a class="w3-left w3-btn" href="tag_output.asp">❮<span class="w3-hide-small"> Previous</span></a> <a class="w3-btn" href="default.asp"><span class="w3-hide-small">Complete HTML </span>Reference</a> <a class="w3-right w3-btn" href="tag_param.asp"><span class="w3-hide-small">Next </span>❯</a> </div> <br> <div class="w3-example"> <h3>Example</h3> <p>A paragraph is marked up as follows:</p> <div class="w3-code notranslate htmlHigh"> <span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&lt;</span>p<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&gt;</span></span>This is some text in a paragraph.<span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&lt;</span>/p<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&gt;</span></span> </div> <a target="_blank" href="tryit.asp?filename=tryhtml_paragraphs1" class="w3-btn w3-margin-bottom">Try it Yourself »</a> </div> <p>More "Try it Yourself" examples below.</p> <hr> <h2>Definition and Usage</h2> <p>The <code class="w3-codespan">&lt;p&gt;</code> tag defines a paragraph.</p> <p>Browsers automatically add a single blank line before and after each <code class="w3-codespan">&lt;p&gt;</code> element.</p> <p><strong>Tip:</strong> Use CSS to <a href="/html/html_css.asp">style paragraphs</a>.</p> <hr> <h2>Browser Support</h2> <table class="browserref notranslate"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:20%;font-size:16px;text-align:left;">Element</th> <th style="width:16%;" class="bsChrome" title="Chrome"></th> <th style="width:16%;" class="bsEdge" title="Internet Explorer / Edge"></th> <th style="width:16%;" class="bsFirefox" title="Firefox"></th> <th style="width:16%;" class="bsSafari" title="Safari"></th> <th style="width:16%;" class="bsOpera" title="Opera"></th> </tr><tr> <td style="text-align:left;">&lt;p&gt;</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> </tr> </tbody></table> <hr> <h2>Global Attributes</h2> <p>The <code class="w3-codespan">&lt;p&gt;</code> tag also supports the <a href="ref_standardattributes.asp">Global Attributes in HTML</a>.</p> <hr> <h2>Event Attributes</h2> <p>The <code class="w3-codespan">&lt;p&gt;</code> tag also supports the <a href="ref_eventattributes.asp">Event Attributes in HTML</a>.</p> <hr> <div id="midcontentadcontainer" style="overflow:auto;text-align:center"> <!-- MidContent --> <!-- <p class="adtext">Advertisement</p> --> <div id="adngin-mid_content-0" data-google-query-id="CKfs_8ueqvcCFXiOSwUd2fYBLg"><div id="sn_ad_label_adngin-mid_content-0" class="sn_ad_label" style="color:#000000;font-size:12px;margin:0;text-align:center;">ADVERTISEMENT</div><div id="google_ads_iframe_/22152718,16833175/sws-hb//w3schools.com//mid_content_1__container__" style="border: 0pt none; display: inline-block; width: 300px; height: 250px;"><iframe frameborder="0" src="https://56d0da6c34aaa471db22bb4266aac656.safeframe.googlesyndication.com/safeframe/1-0-38/html/container.html" id="google_ads_iframe_/22152718,16833175/sws-hb//w3schools.com//mid_content_1" title="3rd party ad content" name="" scrolling="no" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" width="300" height="250" data-is-safeframe="true" sandbox="allow-forms allow-popups allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation" role="region" aria-label="Advertisement" tabindex="0" data-google-container-id="8" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: bottom;" data-load-complete="true"></iframe></div></div> </div> <hr> <h2>More Examples</h2> <div class="w3-example"> <h3>Example</h3> <p>Align text in a paragraph (with CSS):</p> <div class="w3-code notranslate htmlHigh"> <span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&lt;</span>p<span class="attributecolor" style="color:red"> style<span class="attributevaluecolor" style="color:mediumblue">="text-align:right"</span></span><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&gt;</span></span>This is some text in a paragraph.<span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&lt;</span>/p<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&gt;</span></span> </div> <a target="_blank" href="tryit.asp?filename=tryhtml_p_align_css" class="w3-btn w3-margin-bottom">Try it Yourself »</a> </div> <div class="w3-example"> <h3>Example</h3> <p>Style paragraphs with CSS:</p> <div class="w3-code notranslate htmlHigh"> <span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&lt;</span>html<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&gt;</span></span><br><span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&lt;</span>head<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&gt;</span></span><br><span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&lt;</span>style<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&gt;</span></span><span class="cssselectorcolor" style="color:brown"><br>p <span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">{</span><span class="csspropertycolor" style="color:red"><br>&nbsp; color<span class="csspropertyvaluecolor" style="color:mediumblue"><span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">:</span> navy<span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">;</span></span><br>&nbsp; text-indent<span class="csspropertyvaluecolor" style="color:mediumblue"><span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">:</span> 30px<span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">;</span></span><br>&nbsp; text-transform<span class="csspropertyvaluecolor" style="color:mediumblue"><span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">:</span> uppercase<span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">;</span></span><br></span><span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">}</span><br></span><span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&lt;</span>/style<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&gt;</span></span><br> <span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&lt;</span>/head<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&gt;</span></span><br><span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&lt;</span>body<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&gt;</span></span><br><br><span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&lt;</span>p<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&gt;</span></span>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.<span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&lt;</span>/p<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&gt;</span></span><br><br><span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&lt;</span>/body<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&gt;</span></span><br><span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&lt;</span>/html<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&gt;</span></span> </div> <a target="_blank" href="tryit.asp?filename=tryhtml_p_style_css" class="w3-btn w3-margin-bottom">Try it Yourself »</a> </div> <div class="w3-example"> <h3>Example</h3> <p>&nbsp;More on paragraphs:</p> <div class="w3-code notranslate htmlHigh"> <span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&lt;</span>p<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&gt;</span></span><br>This paragraph<br>contains a lot of lines<br>in the source code,<br> but the browser <br>ignores it.<br><span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&lt;</span>/p<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&gt;</span></span> </div> <a target="_blank" href="tryit.asp?filename=tryhtml_paragraphs2" class="w3-btn w3-margin-bottom">Try it Yourself »</a> </div> <div class="w3-example"> <h3>Example</h3> <p>Poem problems in HTML:</p> <div class="w3-code notranslate htmlHigh"> <span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&lt;</span>p<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&gt;</span></span><br>My Bonnie lies over the ocean.<br>My Bonnie lies over the sea.<br>My Bonnie lies over the ocean.<br>Oh, bring back my Bonnie to me.<br><span class="tagnamecolor" style="color:brown"><span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&lt;</span>/p<span class="tagcolor" style="color:mediumblue">&gt;</span></span> </div> <a target="_blank" href="tryit.asp?filename=tryhtml_poem" class="w3-btn w3-margin-bottom">Try it Yourself »</a> </div> <hr> <h2>Related Pages</h2> <p>HTML tutorial: <a href="/html/html_paragraphs.asp">HTML Paragraphs</a></p> <p>HTML DOM reference: <a href="/jsref/dom_obj_paragraph.asp">Paragraph Object</a></p> <hr> <h2>Default CSS Settings</h2> <p>Most browsers will display the <code class="w3-codespan">&lt;p&gt;</code> element with the following default values:</p> <div class="w3-example"> <h3>Example</h3> <div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh"><span class="cssselectorcolor" style="color:brown"> p <span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">{</span><span class="csspropertycolor" style="color:red"><br>&nbsp; display<span class="csspropertyvaluecolor" style="color:mediumblue"><span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">:</span> block<span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">;</span></span><br>&nbsp; margin-top<span class="csspropertyvaluecolor" style="color:mediumblue"><span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">:</span> 1em<span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">;</span></span><br>&nbsp; margin-bottom<span class="csspropertyvaluecolor" style="color:mediumblue"><span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">:</span> 1em<span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">;</span></span><br>&nbsp; margin-left<span class="csspropertyvaluecolor" style="color:mediumblue"><span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">:</span> 0<span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">;</span></span><br>&nbsp;&nbsp;margin-right<span class="csspropertyvaluecolor" style="color:mediumblue"><span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">:</span> 0<span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">;</span></span><br></span><span class="cssdelimitercolor" style="color:black">}</span> 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