W3C Strategic Highlights September 2019 This report was prepared for the September 2019 W3C Advisory Committee Meeting (W3C Member link). See the accompanying W3C Fact Sheet — September 2019. For the previous edition, see the April 2019 W3C Strategic Highlights. For future editions of this report, please consult the latest version. A Chinese translation is available. ☰ Contents Introduction Future Web Standards Meeting Industry Needs Web Payments Digital Publishing Media and Entertainment Web & Telecommunications Real-Time Communications (WebRTC) Web & Networks Automotive Web of Things Strengthening the Core of the Web HTML CSS Fonts SVG Audio Performance Web Performance WebAssembly Testing Browser Testing and Tools WebPlatform Tests Web of Data Web for All Security, Privacy, Identity Internationalization (i18n) Web Accessibility Outreach to the world W3C Developer Relations W3C Training Translations W3C Liaisons Introduction This report highlights recent work of enhancement of the existing landscape of the Web platform and innovation for the growth and strength of the Web. 33 working groups and a dozen interest groups enable W3C to pursue its mission through the creation of Web standards, guidelines, and supporting materials. We track the tremendous work done across the Consortium through homogeneous work-spaces in Github which enables better monitoring and management. We are in the middle of a period where we are chartering numerous working groups which demonstrate the rapid degree of change for the Web platform: After 4 years, we are nearly ready to publish a Payment Request API Proposed Recommendation and we need to soon charter follow-on work. In the last year we chartered the Web Payment Security Interest Group. In the last year we chartered the Web Media Working Group with 7 specifications for next generation Media support on the Web. We have Accessibility Guidelines under W3C Member review which includes Silver, a new approach. We have just launched the Decentralized Identifier Working Group which has tremendous potential because Decentralized Identifier (DID) is an identifier that is globally unique, resolveable with high availability, and cryptographically verifiable. We have Privacy IG (PING) under W3C Member review which strengthens our focus on the tradeoff between privacy and function. We have a new CSS charter under W3C Member review which maps the group's work for the next three years. In this period, W3C and the WHATWG have succesfully completed the negotiation of a Memorandum of Understanding rooted in the mutual belief that that having two distinct specifications claiming to be normative is generally harmful for the Web community. The MOU, signed last May, describes how the two organizations are to collaborate on the development of a single authoritative version of the HTML and DOM specifications. W3C subsequently rechartered the HTML Working Group to assist the W3C community in raising issues and proposing solutions for the HTML and DOM specifications, and for the production of W3C Recommendations from WHATWG Review Drafts. As the Web evolves continuously, some groups are looking for ways for specifications to do so as well. So-called "evergreen recommendations" or "living standards" aim to track continuous development (and maintenance) of features, on a feature-by-feature basis, while getting review and patent commitments. We see the maturation and further development of an incredible number of new technologies coming to the Web. Continued progress in many areas demonstrates the vitality of the W3C and the Web community, as the rest of the report illustrates. Future Web Standards W3C has a variety of mechanisms for listening to what the community thinks could become good future Web standards. These include discussions with the Membership, discussions with other standards bodies, the activities of thousands of participants in over 300 community groups, and W3C Workshops. There are lots of good ideas. The W3C strategy team has been identifying promising topics and invites public participation. Future, recent and under consideration Workshops include: Inclusive XR (5-6 November 2019, Seattle, WA, USA) to explore existing and future approaches on making Virtual and Augmented Reality experiences more inclusive, including to people with disabilities; W3C Workshop on Data Models for Transportation (12-13 September 2019, Palo Alto, CA, USA) W3C Workshop on Web Games (27-28 June 2019, Redmond, WA, USA), view report Second W3C Workshop on the Web of Things (3-5 June 2019, Munich, Germany) W3C Workshop on Web Standardization for Graph Data; Creating Bridges: RDF, Property Graph and SQL (4-6 March 2019, Berlin, Germany), view report Web & Machine Learning. The Strategy Funnel documents the staff's exploration of potential new work at various phases: Exploration and Investigation, Incubation and Evaluation, and eventually to the chartering of a new standards group. The Funnel view is a GitHub Project where new area are issues represented by “cards” which move through the columns, usually from left to right. Most cards start in Exploration and move towards Chartering, or move out of the funnel. Public input is welcome at any stage but particularly once Incubation has begun. This helps W3C identify work that is sufficiently incubated to warrant standardization, to review the ecosystem around the work and indicate interest in participating in its standardization, and then to draft a charter that reflects an appropriate scope. Ongoing feedback can speed up the overall standardization process. Since the previous highlights document, W3C has chartered a number of groups, and started discussion on many more: Newly Chartered or Rechartered Web Application Security WG (03-Apr) Web Payment Security IG (17-Apr) Patent and Standards IG (24-Apr) Web Applications WG (14-May) Web & Networks IG (16-May) Media WG (23-May) Media and Entertainment IG (06-Jun) HTML WG (06-Jun) Decentralized Identifier WG (05-Sep) Extended Privacy IG (PING) (30-Sep) Verifiable Claims WG (30-Sep) Service Workers WG (31-Dec) Dataset Exchange WG (31-Dec) Web of Things Working Group (31-Dec) Web Audio Working Group (31-Dec) Proposed charters / Advance Notice Accessibility Guidelines WG Privacy IG (PING) RDF Literal Direction WG Timed Text WG CSS WG Web Authentication WG Closed Internationalization Tag Set IG Meeting Industry Needs Web Payments All Web Payments specifications W3C's payments standards enable a streamlined checkout experience, enabling a consistent user experience across the Web with lower front end development costs for merchants. Users can store and reuse information and more quickly and accurately complete online transactions. The Web Payments Working Group has republished Payment Request API as a Candidate Recommendation, aiming to publish a Proposed Recommendation in the Fall 2019, and is discussing use cases and features for Payment Request after publication of the 1.0 Recommendation. Browser vendors have been finalizing implementation of features added in the past year (view the implementation report). As work continues on the Payment Handler API and its implementation (currently in Chrome and Edge Canary), one focus in 2019 is to increase adoption in other browsers. Recently, Mastercard demonstrated the use of Payment Request API to carry out EMVCo's Secure Remote Commerce (SRC) protocol whose payment method definition is being developed with active participation by Visa, Mastercard, American Express, and Discover. Payment method availability is a key factor in merchant considerations about adopting Payment Request API. The ability to get uniform adoption of a new payment method such as Secure Remote Commerce (SRC) also depends on the availability of the Payment Handler API in browsers, or of proprietary alternatives. Web Monetization, which the Web Payments Working Group will discuss again at its face-to-face meeting in September, can be used to enable micropayments as an alternative revenue stream to advertising. Since the beginning of 2019, Amazon, Brave Software, JCB, Certus Cybersecurity Solutions and Netflix have joined the Web Payments Working Group. In April, W3C launched the Web Payment Security Group to enable W3C, EMVCo, and the FIDO Alliance to collaborate on a vision for Web payment security and interoperability. Participants will define areas of collaboration and identify gaps between existing technical specifications in order to increase compatibility among different technologies, such as: How do SRC, FIDO, and Payment Request relate? The Payment Services Directive 2 (PSD2) regulations in Europe are scheduled to take effect in September 2019. What is the role of EMVCo, W3C, and FIDO technologies, and what is the current state of readiness for the deadline? How can we improve privacy on the Web at the same time as we meet industry requirements regarding user identity? Digital Publishing All Digital Publishing specifications, Publication milestones The Web is the universal publishing platform. Publishing is increasingly impacted by the Web, and the Web increasingly impacts Publishing. Topic of particular interest to Publishing@W3C include typography and layout, accessibility, usability, portability, distribution, archiving, offline access, print on demand, and reliable cross referencing. And the diverse publishing community represented in the groups consist of the traditional "trade" publishers, ebook reading system manufacturers, but also publishers of audio book, scholarly journals or educational materials, library scientists or browser developers. The Publishing Working Group currently concentrates on Audiobooks which lack a comprehensive standard, thus incurring extra costs and time to publish in this booming market. Active development is ongoing on the future standard: Publication Manifest Audiobook profile for Web Publications Lightweight Packaging Format The BD Comics Manga Community Group, the Synchronized Multimedia for Publications Community Group, the Publishing Community Group and a future group on archival, are companions to the working group where specific work is developed and incubated. The Publishing Community Group is a recently launched incubation channel for Publishing@W3C. The goal of the group is to propose, document, and prototype features broadly related to: publications on the Web reading modes and systems and the user experience of publications The EPUB 3 Community Group has successfully completed the revision of EPUB 3.2. The Publishing Business Group fosters ongoing participation by members of the publishing industry and the overall ecosystem in the development of Web infrastructure to better support the needs of the industry. The Business Group serves as an additional conduit to the Publishing Working Group and several Community Groups for feedback between the publishing ecosystem and W3C. The Publishing BG has played a vital role in fostering and advancing the adoption and continued development of EPUB 3. In particular the BG provided critical support to the update of EPUBCheck to validate EPUB content to the new EPUB 3.2 specification. This resulted in the development, in conjunction with the EPUB3 Community Group, of a new generation of EPUBCheck, i.e., EPUBCheck 4.2 production-ready release. Media and Entertainment All Media specifications The Media and Entertainment vertical tracks media-related topics and features that create immersive experiences for end users. HTML5 brought standard audio and video elements to the Web. Standardization activities since then have aimed at turning the Web into a professional platform fully suitable for the delivery of media content and associated materials, enabling missing features to stream video content on the Web such as adaptive streaming and content protection. Together with Microsoft, Comcast, Netflix and Google, W3C received an Technology & Engineering Emmy Award in April 2019 for standardization of a full TV experience on the Web. Current goals are to: Reinforce core media technologies: Creation of the Media Working Group, to develop media-related specifications incubated in the WICG (e.g. Media Capabilities, Picture-in-picture, Media Session) and maintain maintain/evolve Media Source Extensions (MSE) and Encrypted Media Extensions (EME). Improve support for Media Timed Events: data cues incubation. Enhance color support (HDR, wide gamut), in scope of the CSS WG and in the Color on the Web CG. Reduce fragmentation: Continue annual releases of a common and testable baseline media devices, in scope of the Web Media APIs CG and in collaboration with the CTA WAVE Project. Maintain the Road-map of Media Technologies for the Web which highlights Web technologies that can be used to build media applications and services, as well as known gaps to enable additional use cases. Create the future: Discuss perspectives for Media and Entertainment for the Web. Bring the power of GPUs to the Web (graphics, machine learning, heavy processing), under incubation in the GPU for the Web CG. Transition to a Working Group is under discussion. Determine next steps after the successful W3C Workshop on Web Games of June 2019. View the report. Timed Text The Timed Text Working Group develops and maintains formats used for the representation of text synchronized with other timed media, like audio and video, and notably works on TTML, profiles of TTML, and WebVTT. Recent progress includes: A robust WebVTT implementation report poises the specification for publication as a proposed recommendation. Discussions around re-chartering, notably to add a TTML Profile for Audio Description deliverable to the scope of the group, and clarify that rendering of captions within XR content is also in scope. Immersive Web Hardware that enables Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) applications are now broadly available to consumers, offering an immersive computing platform with both new opportunities and challenges. The ability to interact directly with immersive hardware is critical to ensuring that the web is well equipped to operate as a first-class citizen in this environment. The Immersive Web Working Group has been stabilizing the WebXR Device API while the companion Immersive Web Community Group incubates the next series of features identified as key for the future of the Immersive Web. W3C plans a workshop focused on the needs and benefits at the intersection of VR & Accessibility (Inclusive XR), on 5-6 November 2019 in Seattle, WA, USA, to explore existing and future approaches on making Virtual and Augmented Reality experiences more inclusive. Web & Telecommunications The Web is the Open Platform for Mobile. Telecommunication service providers and network equipment providers have long been critical actors in the deployment of Web technologies. As the Web platform matures, it brings richer and richer capabilities to extend existing services to new users and devices, and propose new and innovative services. Real-Time Communications (WebRTC) All Real-Time Communications specifications WebRTC has reshaped the whole communication landscape by making any connected device a potential communication end-point, bringing audio and video communications anywhere, on any network, vastly expanding the ability of operators to reach their customers. WebRTC serves as the corner-stone of many online communication and collaboration services. The WebRTC Working Group aims to bringing WebRTC 1.0 (and companion specification Media Capture and Streams) to Recommendation by the end of 2019. Intense efforts are focused on testing (supported by a dedicated hackathon at IETF 104) and interoperability. The group is considering pushing features that have not gotten enough traction to separate modules or to a later minor revision of the spec. Beyond WebRTC 1.0, the WebRTC Working Group will focus its efforts on WebRTC NV which the group has started documenting by identifying use cases. Web & Networks Recently launched, in the wake of the May 2018 Web5G workshop, the Web & Networks Interest Group is chaired by representatives from AT&T, China Mobile and Intel, with a goal to explore solutions for web applications to achieve better performance and resource allocation, both on the device and network. The group's first efforts are around use cases, privacy & security requirements and liaisons. Automotive All Automotive specifications To create a rich application ecosystem for vehicles and other devices allowed to connect to the vehicle, the W3C Automotive Working Group is delivering a service specification to expose all common vehicle signals (engine temperature, fuel/charge level, range, tire pressure, speed, etc.) The Vehicle Information Service Specification (VISS), which is a Candidate Recommendation, is seeing more implementations across the industry. It provides the access method to a common data model for all the vehicle signals –presently encapsulating a thousand or so different data elements– and will be growing to accommodate the advances in automotive such as autonomous and driver assist technologies and electrification. The group is already working on a successor to VISS, leveraging the underlying data model and the VIWI submission from Volkswagen, for a more robust means of accessing vehicle signals information and the same paradigm for other automotive needs including location-based services, media, notifications and caching content. The Automotive and Web Platform Business Group acts as an incubator for prospective standards work. One of its task forces is using W3C VISS in performing data sampling and off-boarding the information to the cloud. Access to the wealth of information that W3C's auto signals standard exposes is of interest to regulators, urban planners, insurance companies, auto manufacturers, fleet managers and owners, service providers and others. In addition to components needed for data sampling and edge computing, capturing user and owner consent, information collection methods and handling of data are in scope. The upcoming W3C Workshop on Data Models for Transportation (September 2019) is expected to focus on the need of additional ontologies around transportation space. Web of Things All Web of Things specifications W3C's Web of Things work is designed to bridge disparate technology stacks to allow devices to work together and achieve scale, thus enabling the potential of the Internet of Things by eliminating fragmentation and fostering interoperability. Thing descriptions expressed in JSON-LD cover the behavior, interaction affordances, data schema, security configuration, and protocol bindings. The Web of Things complements existing IoT ecosystems to reduce the cost and risk for suppliers and consumers of applications that create value by combining multiple devices and information services. There are many sectors that will benefit, e.g. smart homes, smart cities, smart industry, smart agriculture, smart healthcare and many more. The Web of Things Working Group is finishing the initial Web of Things standards, with support from the Web of Things Interest Group: Web of Things Architecture Thing Descriptions Strengthening the Core of the Web HTML The HTML Working Group was chartered early June to assist the W3C community in raising issues and proposing solutions for the HTML and DOM specifications, and to produce W3C Recommendations from WHATWG Review Drafts. A few days before, W3C and the WHATWG signed a Memorandum of Understanding outlining the agreement to collaborate on the development of a single version of the HTML and DOM specifications. Issues and proposed solutions for HTML and DOM done via the newly rechartered HTML Working Group in the WHATWG repositories The HTML Working Group is targetting November 2019 to bring HTML and DOM to Candidate Recommendations. CSS All CSS specifications CSS is a critical part of the Open Web Platform. The CSS Working Group gathers requirements from two large groups of CSS users: the publishing industry and application developers. Within W3C, those groups are exemplified by the Publishing groups and the Web Platform Working Group. The former requires things like better pagination support and advanced font handling, the latter needs intelligent (and fast!) scrolling and animations. What we know as CSS is actually a collection of almost a hundred specifications, referred to as ‘modules’. The current state of CSS is defined by a snapshot, updated once a year. The group also publishes an index defining every term defined by CSS specifications. Fonts All Fonts specifications The Web Fonts Working Group develops specifications that allow the interoperable deployment of downloadable fonts on the Web, with a focus on Progressive Font Enrichment as well as maintenance of WOFF Recommendations. Recent and ongoing work includes: Early API experiments by Adobe and Monotype have demonstrated the feasibility of a font enrichment API, where a server delivers a font with minimal glyph repertoire and the client can query the full repertoire and request additional subsets on-the-fly. In other experiments, the Brotli compression used in WOFF 2 was extended to support shared dictionaries and patch update. Metrics to quantify improvement are a current hot discussion topic. The group will meet at ATypi 2019 in Japan, to gather requirements from the international typography community. The group will first produce a report summarizing the strengths and weaknesses of each prototype solution by Q2 2020. SVG All SVG specifications SVG is an important and widely-used part of the Open Web Platform. The SVG Working Group focuses on aligning the SVG 2.0 specification with browser implementations, having split the specification into a currently-implemented 2.0 and a forward-looking 2.1. Current activity is on stabilization, increased integration with the Open Web Platform, and test coverage analysis. The Working Group was rechartered in March 2019. A new work item concerns native (non-Web-browser) uses of SVG as a non-interactive, vector graphics format. Audio The Web Audio Working Group was extended to finish its work on the Web Audio API, expecting to publish it as a Recommendation by year end. The specification enables synthesizing audio in the browser. Audio operations are performed with audio nodes, which are linked together to form a modular audio routing graph. Multiple sources — with different types of channel layout — are supported. This modular design provides the flexibility to create complex audio functions with dynamic effects. The first version of Web Audio API is now feature complete and is implemented in all modern browsers. Work has started on the next version, and new features are being incubated in the Audio Community Group. Performance Web Performance All Web Performance specifications There are currently 18 specifications in development in the Web Performance Working Group aiming to provide methods to observe and improve aspects of application performance of user agent features and APIs. The W3C team is looking at related work incubated in the W3C GPU for the Web (WebGPU) Community Group which is poised to transition to a W3C Working Group. A preliminary draft charter is available. WebAssembly All WebAssembly specifications WebAssembly improves Web performance and power by being a virtual machine and execution environment enabling loaded pages to run native (compiled) code. It is deployed in Firefox, Edge, Safari and Chrome. The specification will soon reach Candidate Recommendation. WebAssembly enables near-native performance, optimized load time, and perhaps most importantly, a compilation target for existing code bases. While it has a small number of native types, much of the performance increase relative to Javascript derives from its use of consistent typing. WebAssembly leverages decades of optimization for compiled languages and the byte code is optimized for compactness and streaming (the web page starts executing while the rest of the code downloads). Network and API access all occurs through accompanying Javascript libraries -- the security model is identical to that of Javascript. Requirements gathering and language development occur in the Community Group while the Working Group manages test development, community review and progression of specifications on the Recommendation Track. Testing Browser testing plays a critical role in the growth of the Web by: Improving the reliability of Web technology definitions; Improving the quality of implementations of these technologies by helping vendors to detect bugs in their products; Improving the data available to Web developers on known bugs and deficiencies of Web technologies by publishing results of these tests. Browser Testing and Tools The Browser Testing and Tools Working Group is developing WebDriver version 2, having published last year the W3C Recommendation of WebDriver. WebDriver acts as a remote control interface that enables introspection and control of user agents, provides a platform- and language-neutral wire protocol as a way for out-of-process programs to remotely instruct the behavior of Web, and emulates the actions of a real person using the browser. WebPlatform Tests The WebPlatform Tests project now provides a mechanism which allows to fully automate tests that previously needed to be run manually: TestDriver. TestDriver enables sending trusted key and mouse events, sending complex series of trusted pointer and key interactions for things like in-content drag-and-drop or pinch zoom, and even file upload. Since 2014 W3C began work on this coordinated open-source effort to build a cross-browser test suite for the Web Platform, which WHATWG, and all major browsers adopted. Web of Data All Data specifications There have been several great success stories around the standardization of data on the web over the past year. Verifiable Claims seems to have significant uptake. It is also significant that the Distributed Identifier WG charter has received numerous favorable reviews, and was just recently launched. JSON-LD has been a major success with the large deployment on Web sites via schema.org. JSON-LD 1.1 completed technical work, about to transition to CR More than 25% of websites today include schema.org data in JSON-LD The Web of Things description is in CR since May, making use of JSON-LD Verifiable Credentials data model is in CR since July, also making use of JSON-LD Continued strong interest in decentralized identifiers Engagement from the TAG with reframing core documents, such as Ethical Web Principles, to include data on the web within their scope Data is increasingly important for all organizations, especially with the rise of IoT and Big Data. W3C has a mature and extensive suite of standards relating to data that were developed over two decades of experience, with plans for further work on making it easier for developers to work with graph data and knowledge graphs. Linked Data is about the use of URIs as names for things, the ability to dereference these URIs to get further information and to include links to other data. There are ever-increasing sources of open Linked Data on the Web, as well as data services that are restricted to the suppliers and consumers of those services. The digital transformation of industry is seeking to exploit advanced digital technologies. This will facilitate businesses to integrate horizontally along the supply and value chains, and vertically from the factory floor to the office floor. W3C is seeking to make it easier to support enterprise-wide data management and governance, reflecting the strategic importance of data to modern businesses. Traditional approaches to data have focused on tabular databases (SQL/RDBMS), Comma Separated Value (CSV) files, and data embedded in PDF documents and spreadsheets. We're now in midst of a major shift to graph data with nodes and labeled directed links between them. Graph data is: Faster than using SQL and associated JOIN operations More favorable to integrating data from heterogeneous sources Better suited to situations where the data model is evolving In the wake of the recent W3C Workshop on Graph Data we are in the process of launching a Graph Standardization Business Group to provide a business perspective with use cases and requirements, to coordinate technical standards work and liaisons with external organizations. Web for All Security, Privacy, Identity All Security specifications, all Privacy specifications Authentication on the Web As the WebAuthn Level 1 W3C Recommendation published last March is seeing wide implementation and adoption of strong cryptographic authentication, work is proceeding on Level 2. The open standard Web API gives native authentication technology built into native platforms, browsers, operating systems (including mobile) and hardware, offering protection against hacking, credential theft, phishing attacks, thus aiming to end the era of passwords as a security construct. You may read more in our March press release. Privacy An increasing number of W3C specifications are benefitting from Privacy and Security review; there are security and privacy aspects to every specification. Early review is essential. Working with the TAG, the Privacy Interest Group has updated the Self-Review Questionnaire: Security and Privacy. Other recent work of the group includes public blogging further to the exploration of anti-patterns in standards and permission prompts. Security The Web Application Security Working Group adopted Feature Policy, aiming to allow developers to selectively enable, disable, or modify the behavior of some of these browser features and APIs within their application; and Fetch Metadata, aiming to provide servers with enough information to make a priori decisions about whether or not to service a request based on the way it was made, and the context in which it will be used. The Web Payment Security Interest Group, launched last April, convenes members from W3C, EMVCo, and the FIDO Alliance to discuss cooperative work to enhance the security and interoperability of Web payments (read more about payments). Internationalization (i18n) All Internationalization specifications, educational articles related to Internationalization, spec developers checklist Only a quarter or so current Web users use English online and that proportion will continue to decrease as the Web reaches more and more communities of limited English proficiency. If the Web is to live up to the "World Wide" portion of its name, and for the Web to truly work for stakeholders all around the world engaging with content in various languages, it must support the needs of worldwide users as they engage with content in the various languages. The growth of epublishing also brings requirements for new features and improved typography on the Web. It is important to ensure the needs of local communities are captured. The W3C Internationalization Initiative was set up to increase in-house resources dedicated to accelerating progress in making the World Wide Web "worldwide" by gathering user requirements, supporting developers, and education & outreach. For an overview of current projects see the i18n radar. W3C's Internationalization efforts progressed on a number of fronts recently: Requirements: New African and European language groups will work on the gap analysis, errata and layout requirements. Gap analysis: Japanese, Devanagari, Bengali, Tamil, Lao, Khmer, Javanese, and Ethiopic updated in the gap-analysis documents. Layout requirements document: notable progress tracked in the Southeast Asian Task Force while work continues on Chinese layout requirements. Developer support: Spec reviews: the i18n WG continues active review of specifications of the WHATWG and other W3C Working Groups. Short review checklist: easy way to begin a self-review to help spec developers understand what aspects of their spec are likely to need attention for internationalization, and points them to more detailed checklists for the relevant topics. It also helps those reviewing specs for i18n issues. Strings on the Web: Language and Direction Metadata lays out issues and discusses potential solutions for passing information about language and direction with strings in JSON or other data formats. The document was rewritten for clarity, and expanded. The group is collaborating with the JSON-LD and Web Publishing groups to develop a plan for updating RDF, JSON-LD and related specifications to handle metadata for base direction of text (bidi). User-friendly test format: a new format was developed for Internationalization Test Suite tests, which displays helpful information about how the test works. This particularly useful because those tests are pointed to by educational materials and gap-analysis documents. Web Platform Tests: a large number of tests in the i18n test suite have been ported to the WPT repository, including: css-counter-styles, css-ruby, css-syntax, css-test, css-text-decor, css-writing-modes, and css-pseudo. Education & outreach: (for all educational materials, see the HTML & CSS Authoring Techniques) Web Accessibility All Accessibility specifications, WAI resources The Web Accessibility Initiative supports W3C's Web for All mission. Recent achievements include: Education and training: Inaccessibility of CAPTCHA updated to bring our analysis and recommendations up to date with CAPTCHA practice today, concluding two years of extensive work and invaluable input from the public (read more on the W3C Blog Learn why your web content and applications should be accessible. The Education and Outreach Working Group has completed revision and updating of the Business Case for Digital Accessibility. Accessibility guidelines: The Accessibility Guidelines Working Group has continued to update WCAG Techniques and Understanding WCAG 2.1; and published a Candidate Recommendation of Accessibility Conformance Testing Rules Format 1.0 to improve inter-rater reliability when evaluating conformance of web content to WCAG An updated charter is being developed to host work on "Silver", the next generation accessibility guidelines (WCAG 2.2) There are accessibility aspects to most specifications. Check your work with the FAST checklist. Outreach to the world W3C Developer Relations To foster the excellent feedback loop between Web Standards development and Web developers, and to grow participation from that diverse community, recent W3C Developer Relations activities include: @w3cdevs tracks the enormous amount of work happening across W3C W3C Track during the Web Conference 2019 in San Francisco Tech videos: W3C published the 2019 Web Games Workshop videos The 16 September 2019 Developer Meetup in Fukuoka, Japan, is open to all and will combine a set of technical demos prepared by W3C groups, and a series of talks on a selected set of W3C technologies and projects W3C is involved with Mozilla, Google, Samsung, Microsoft and Bocoup in the organization of ViewSource 2019 in Amsterdam (read more on the W3C Blog) W3C Training In partnership with EdX, W3C's MOOC training program, W3Cx offers a complete "Front-End Web Developer" (FEWD) professional certificate program that consists of a suite of five courses on the foundational languages that power the Web: HTML5, CSS and JavaScript. We count nearly 900K students from all over the world. Translations Many Web users rely on translations of documents developed at W3C whose official language is English. W3C is extremely grateful to the continuous efforts of its community in ensuring our various deliverables in general, and in our specifications in particular, are made available in other languages, for free, ensuring their exposure to a much more diverse set of readers. Last Spring we developed a more robust system, a new listing of translations of W3C specifications and updated the instructions on how to contribute to our translation efforts. W3C Liaisons Liaisons and coordination with numerous organizations and Standards Development Organizations (SDOs) is crucial for W3C to: make sure standards are interoperable coordinate our respective agenda in Internet governance: W3C participates in ICANN, GIPO, IGF, the I* organizations (ICANN, IETF, ISOC, IAB). ensure at the government liaison level that our standards work is officially recognized when important to our membership so that products based on them (often done by our members) are part of procurement orders. W3C has ARO/PAS status with ISO. W3C participates in the EU MSP and Rolling Plan on Standardization ensure the global set of Web and Internet standards form a compatible stack of technologies, at the technical and policy level (patent regime, fragmentation, use in policy making) promote Standards adoption equally by the industry, the public sector, and the public at large Coralie Mercier, Editor, W3C Marketing & Communications $Id: Overview.html,v 1.60 2019/10/15 12:05:52 coralie Exp $ Copyright © 2019 W3C ® (MIT, ERCIM, Keio, Beihang) Usage policies apply.

Portfolio: website containing the most complex projects I have worked on recently. Built with JavaScript

software # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and # limitations under the License. '''A library that provides a Python interface to the Twitter API''' import base64 import calendar import datetime import httplib import os import rfc822 import sys import tempfile import textwrap import time import calendar import urllib import urllib2 import urlparse import gzip import StringIO try: # Python >= 2.6 import json as simplejson except ImportError: try: # Python < 2.6 import simplejson except ImportError: try: # Google App Engine from django.utils import simplejson except ImportError: raise ImportError, "Unable to load a json library" # parse_qsl moved to urlparse module in v2.6 try: from urlparse import parse_qsl, parse_qs except ImportError: from cgi import parse_qsl, parse_qs try: from hashlib import md5 except ImportError: from md5 import md5 import oauth2 as oauth CHARACTER_LIMIT = 140 # A singleton representing a lazily instantiated FileCache. DEFAULT_CACHE = object() REQUEST_TOKEN_URL = 'https://api.twitter.com/oauth/request_token' ACCESS_TOKEN_URL = 'https://api.twitter.com/oauth/access_token' AUTHORIZATION_URL = 'https://api.twitter.com/oauth/authorize' SIGNIN_URL = 'https://api.twitter.com/oauth/authenticate' class TwitterError(Exception): '''Base class for Twitter errors''' @property def message(self): '''Returns the first argument used to construct this error.''' return self.args[0] class Status(object): '''A class representing the Status structure used by the twitter API. The Status structure exposes the following properties: status.created_at status.created_at_in_seconds # read only status.favorited status.in_reply_to_screen_name status.in_reply_to_user_id status.in_reply_to_status_id status.truncated status.source status.id status.text status.location status.relative_created_at # read only status.user status.urls status.user_mentions status.hashtags status.geo status.place status.coordinates status.contributors ''' def __init__(self, created_at=None, favorited=None, id=None, text=None, location=None, user=None, in_reply_to_screen_name=None, in_reply_to_user_id=None, in_reply_to_status_id=None, truncated=None, source=None, now=None, urls=None, user_mentions=None, hashtags=None, geo=None, place=None, coordinates=None, contributors=None, retweeted=None, retweeted_status=None, retweet_count=None): '''An object to hold a Twitter status message. This class is normally instantiated by the twitter.Api class and returned in a sequence. Note: Dates are posted in the form "Sat Jan 27 04:17:38 +0000 2007" Args: created_at: The time this status message was posted. [Optional] favorited: Whether this is a favorite of the authenticated user. [Optional] id: The unique id of this status message. [Optional] text: The text of this status message. [Optional] location: the geolocation string associated with this message. [Optional] relative_created_at: A human readable string representing the posting time. [Optional] user: A twitter.User instance representing the person posting the message. [Optional] now: The current time, if the client choses to set it. Defaults to the wall clock time. [Optional] urls: user_mentions: hashtags: geo: place: coordinates: contributors: retweeted: retweeted_status: retweet_count: ''' self.created_at = created_at self.favorited = favorited self.id = id self.text = text self.location = location self.user = user self.now = now self.in_reply_to_screen_name = in_reply_to_screen_name self.in_reply_to_user_id = in_reply_to_user_id self.in_reply_to_status_id = in_reply_to_status_id self.truncated = truncated self.retweeted = retweeted self.source = source self.urls = urls self.user_mentions = user_mentions self.hashtags = hashtags self.geo = geo self.place = place self.coordinates = coordinates self.contributors = contributors self.retweeted_status = retweeted_status self.retweet_count = retweet_count def GetCreatedAt(self): '''Get the time this status message was posted. Returns: The time this status message was posted ''' return self._created_at def SetCreatedAt(self, created_at): '''Set the time this status message was posted. Args: created_at: The time this status message was created ''' self._created_at = created_at created_at = property(GetCreatedAt, SetCreatedAt, doc='The time this status message was posted.') def GetCreatedAtInSeconds(self): '''Get the time this status message was posted, in seconds since the epoch. Returns: The time this status message was posted, in seconds since the epoch. ''' return calendar.timegm(rfc822.parsedate(self.created_at)) created_at_in_seconds = property(GetCreatedAtInSeconds, doc="The time this status message was " "posted, in seconds since the epoch") def GetFavorited(self): '''Get the favorited setting of this status message. Returns: True if this status message is favorited; False otherwise ''' return self._favorited def SetFavorited(self, favorited): '''Set the favorited state of this status message. Args: favorited: boolean True/False favorited state of this status message ''' self._favorited = favorited favorited = property(GetFavorited, SetFavorited, doc='The favorited state of this status message.') def GetId(self): '''Get the unique id of this status message. Returns: The unique id of this status message ''' return self._id def SetId(self, id): '''Set the unique id of this status message. Args: id: The unique id of this status message ''' self._id = id id = property(GetId, SetId, doc='The unique id of this status message.') def GetInReplyToScreenName(self): return self._in_reply_to_screen_name def SetInReplyToScreenName(self, in_reply_to_screen_name): self._in_reply_to_screen_name = in_reply_to_screen_name in_reply_to_screen_name = property(GetInReplyToScreenName, SetInReplyToScreenName, doc='') def GetInReplyToUserId(self): return self._in_reply_to_user_id def SetInReplyToUserId(self, in_reply_to_user_id): self._in_reply_to_user_id = in_reply_to_user_id in_reply_to_user_id = property(GetInReplyToUserId, SetInReplyToUserId, doc='') def GetInReplyToStatusId(self): return self._in_reply_to_status_id def SetInReplyToStatusId(self, in_reply_to_status_id): self._in_reply_to_status_id = in_reply_to_status_id in_reply_to_status_id = property(GetInReplyToStatusId, SetInReplyToStatusId, doc='') def GetTruncated(self): return self._truncated def SetTruncated(self, truncated): self._truncated = truncated truncated = property(GetTruncated, SetTruncated, doc='') def GetRetweeted(self): return self._retweeted def SetRetweeted(self, retweeted): self._retweeted = retweeted retweeted = property(GetRetweeted, SetRetweeted, doc='') def GetSource(self): return self._source def SetSource(self, source): self._source = source source = property(GetSource, SetSource, doc='') def GetText(self): '''Get the text of this status message. Returns: The text of this status message. ''' return self._text def SetText(self, text): '''Set the text of this status message. Args: text: The text of this status message ''' self._text = text text = property(GetText, SetText, doc='The text of this status message') def GetLocation(self): '''Get the geolocation associated with this status message Returns: The geolocation string of this status message. ''' return self._location def SetLocation(self, location): '''Set the geolocation associated with this status message Args: location: The geolocation string of this status message ''' self._location = location location = property(GetLocation, SetLocation, doc='The geolocation string of this status message') def GetRelativeCreatedAt(self): '''Get a human redable string representing the posting time Returns: A human readable string representing the posting time ''' fudge = 1.25 delta = long(self.now) - long(self.created_at_in_seconds) if delta < (1 * fudge): return 'about a second ago' elif delta < (60 * (1/fudge)): return 'about %d seconds ago' % (delta) elif delta < (60 * fudge): return 'about a minute ago' elif delta < (60 * 60 * (1/fudge)): return 'about %d minutes ago' % (delta / 60) elif delta < (60 * 60 * fudge) or delta / (60 * 60) == 1: return 'about an hour ago' elif delta < (60 * 60 * 24 * (1/fudge)): return 'about %d hours ago' % (delta / (60 * 60)) elif delta < (60 * 60 * 24 * fudge) or delta / (60 * 60 * 24) == 1: return 'about a day ago' else: return 'about %d days ago' % (delta / (60 * 60 * 24)) relative_created_at = property(GetRelativeCreatedAt, doc='Get a human readable string representing ' 'the posting time') def GetUser(self): '''Get a twitter.User reprenting the entity posting this status message. Returns: A twitter.User reprenting the entity posting this status message ''' return self._user def SetUser(self, user): '''Set a twitter.User reprenting the entity posting this status message. Args: user: A twitter.User reprenting the entity posting this status message ''' self._user = user user = property(GetUser, SetUser, doc='A twitter.User reprenting the entity posting this ' 'status message') def GetNow(self): '''Get the wallclock time for this status message. Used to calculate relative_created_at. Defaults to the time the object was instantiated. Returns: Whatever the status instance believes the current time to be, in seconds since the epoch. ''' if self._now is None: self._now = time.time() return self._now def SetNow(self, now): '''Set the wallclock time for this status message. Used to calculate relative_created_at. Defaults to the time the object was instantiated. Args: now: The wallclock time for this instance. ''' self._now = now now = property(GetNow, SetNow, doc='The wallclock time for this status instance.') def GetGeo(self): return self._geo def SetGeo(self, geo): self._geo = geo geo = property(GetGeo, SetGeo, doc='') def GetPlace(self): return self._place def SetPlace(self, place): self._place = place place = property(GetPlace, SetPlace, doc='') def GetCoordinates(self): return self._coordinates def SetCoordinates(self, coordinates): self._coordinates = coordinates coordinates = property(GetCoordinates, SetCoordinates, doc='') def GetContributors(self): return self._contributors def SetContributors(self, contributors): self._contributors = contributors contributors = property(GetContributors, SetContributors, doc='') def GetRetweeted_status(self): return self._retweeted_status def SetRetweeted_status(self, retweeted_status): self._retweeted_status = retweeted_status retweeted_status = property(GetRetweeted_status, SetRetweeted_status, doc='') def GetRetweetCount(self): return self._retweet_count def SetRetweetCount(self, retweet_count): self._retweet_count = retweet_count retweet_count = property(GetRetweetCount, SetRetweetCount, doc='') def __ne__(self, other): return not self.__eq__(other) def __eq__(self, other): try: return other and \ self.created_at == other.created_at and \ self.id == other.id and \ self.text == other.text and \ self.location == other.location and \ self.user == other.user and \ self.in_reply_to_screen_name == other.in_reply_to_screen_name and \ self.in_reply_to_user_id == other.in_reply_to_user_id and \ self.in_reply_to_status_id == other.in_reply_to_status_id and \ self.truncated == other.truncated and \ self.retweeted == other.retweeted and \ self.favorited == other.favorited and \ self.source == other.source and \ self.geo == other.geo and \ self.place == other.place and \ self.coordinates == other.coordinates and \ self.contributors == other.contributors and \ self.retweeted_status == other.retweeted_status and \ self.retweet_count == other.retweet_count except AttributeError: return False def __str__(self): '''A string representation of this twitter.Status instance. The return value is the same as the JSON string representation. Returns: A string representation of this twitter.Status instance. ''' return self.AsJsonString() def AsJsonString(self): '''A JSON string representation of this twitter.Status instance. Returns: A JSON string representation of this twitter.Status instance ''' return simplejson.dumps(self.AsDict(), sort_keys=True) def AsDict(self): '''A dict representation of this twitter.Status instance. The return value uses the same key names as the JSON representation. Return: A dict representing this twitter.Status instance ''' data = {} if self.created_at: data['created_at'] = self.created_at if self.favorited: data['favorited'] = self.favorited if self.id: data['id'] = self.id if self.text: data['text'] = self.text if self.location: data['location'] = self.location if self.user: data['user'] = self.user.AsDict() if self.in_reply_to_screen_name: data['in_reply_to_screen_name'] = self.in_reply_to_screen_name if self.in_reply_to_user_id: data['in_reply_to_user_id'] = self.in_reply_to_user_id if self.in_reply_to_status_id: data['in_reply_to_status_id'] = self.in_reply_to_status_id if self.truncated is not None: data['truncated'] = self.truncated if self.retweeted is not None: data['retweeted'] = self.retweeted if self.favorited is not None: data['favorited'] = self.favorited if self.source: data['source'] = self.source if self.geo: data['geo'] = self.geo if self.place: data['place'] = self.place if self.coordinates: data['coordinates'] = self.coordinates if self.contributors: data['contributors'] = self.contributors if self.hashtags: data['hashtags'] = [h.text for h in self.hashtags] if self.retweeted_status: data['retweeted_status'] = self.retweeted_status.AsDict() if self.retweet_count: data['retweet_count'] = self.retweet_count return data @staticmethod def NewFromJsonDict(data): '''Create a new instance based on a JSON dict. Args: data: A JSON dict, as converted from the JSON in the twitter API Returns: A twitter.Status instance ''' if 'user' in data: user = User.NewFromJsonDict(data['user']) else: user = None if 'retweeted_status' in data: retweeted_status = Status.NewFromJsonDict(data['retweeted_status']) else: retweeted_status = None urls = None user_mentions = None hashtags = None if 'entities' in data: if 'urls' in data['entities']: urls = [Url.NewFromJsonDict(u) for u in data['entities']['urls']] if 'user_mentions' in data['entities']: user_mentions = [User.NewFromJsonDict(u) for u in data['entities']['user_mentions']] if 'hashtags' in data['entities']: hashtags = [Hashtag.NewFromJsonDict(h) for h in data['entities']['hashtags']] return Status(created_at=data.get('created_at', None), favorited=data.get('favorited', None), id=data.get('id', None), text=data.get('text', None), location=data.get('location', None), in_reply_to_screen_name=data.get('in_reply_to_screen_name', None), in_reply_to_user_id=data.get('in_reply_to_user_id', None), in_reply_to_status_id=data.get('in_reply_to_status_id', None), truncated=data.get('truncated', None), retweeted=data.get('retweeted', None), source=data.get('source', None), user=user, urls=urls, user_mentions=user_mentions, hashtags=hashtags, geo=data.get('geo', None), place=data.get('place', None), coordinates=data.get('coordinates', None), contributors=data.get('contributors', None), retweeted_status=retweeted_status, retweet_count=data.get('retweet_count', None)) class User(object): '''A class representing the User structure used by the twitter API. The User structure exposes the following properties: user.id user.name user.screen_name user.location user.description user.profile_image_url user.profile_background_tile user.profile_background_image_url user.profile_sidebar_fill_color user.profile_background_color user.profile_link_color user.profile_text_color user.protected user.utc_offset user.time_zone user.url user.status user.statuses_count user.followers_count user.friends_count user.favourites_count user.geo_enabled user.verified user.lang user.notifications user.contributors_enabled user.created_at user.listed_count ''' def __init__(self, id=None, name=None, screen_name=None, location=None, description=None, profile_image_url=None, profile_background_tile=None, profile_background_image_url=None, profile_sidebar_fill_color=None, profile_background_color=None, profile_link_color=None, profile_text_color=None, protected=None, utc_offset=None, time_zone=None, followers_count=None, friends_count=None, statuses_count=None, favourites_count=None, url=None, status=None, geo_enabled=None, verified=None, lang=None, notifications=None, contributors_enabled=None, created_at=None, listed_count=None): self.id = id self.name = name self.screen_name = screen_name self.location = location self.description = description self.profile_image_url = profile_image_url self.profile_background_tile = profile_background_tile self.profile_background_image_url = profile_background_image_url self.profile_sidebar_fill_color = profile_sidebar_fill_color self.profile_background_color = profile_background_color self.profile_link_color = profile_link_color self.profile_text_color = profile_text_color self.protected = protected self.utc_offset = utc_offset self.time_zone = time_zone self.followers_count = followers_count self.friends_count = friends_count self.statuses_count = statuses_count self.favourites_count = favourites_count self.url = url self.status = status self.geo_enabled = geo_enabled self.verified = verified self.lang = lang self.notifications = notifications self.contributors_enabled = contributors_enabled self.created_at = created_at self.listed_count = listed_count def GetId(self): '''Get the unique id of this user. Returns: The unique id of this user ''' return self._id def SetId(self, id): '''Set the unique id of this user. Args: id: The unique id of this user. ''' self._id = id id = property(GetId, SetId, doc='The unique id of this user.') def GetName(self): '''Get the real name of this user. Returns: The real name of this user ''' return self._name def SetName(self, name): '''Set the real name of this user. Args: name: The real name of this user ''' self._name = name name = property(GetName, SetName, doc='The real name of this user.') def GetScreenName(self): '''Get the short twitter name of this user. Returns: The short twitter name of this user ''' return self._screen_name def SetScreenName(self, screen_name): '''Set the short twitter name of this user. Args: screen_name: the short twitter name of this user ''' self._screen_name = screen_name screen_name = property(GetScreenName, SetScreenName, doc='The short twitter name of this user.') def GetLocation(self): '''Get the geographic location of this user. Returns: The geographic location of this user ''' return self._location def SetLocation(self, location): '''Set the geographic location of this user. Args: location: The geographic location of this user ''' self._location = location location = property(GetLocation, SetLocation, doc='The geographic location of this user.') def GetDescription(self): '''Get the short text description of this user. Returns: The short text description of this user ''' return self._description def SetDescription(self, description): '''Set the short text description of this user. Args: description: The short text description of this user ''' self._description = description description = property(GetDescription, SetDescription, doc='The short text description of this user.') def GetUrl(self): '''Get the homepage url of this user. Returns: The homepage url of this user ''' return self._url def SetUrl(self, url): '''Set the homepage url of this user. Args: url: The homepage url of this user ''' self._url = url url = property(GetUrl, SetUrl, doc='The homepage url of this user.') def GetProfileImageUrl(self): '''Get the url of the thumbnail of this user. Returns: The url of the thumbnail of this user ''' return self._profile_image_url def SetProfileImageUrl(self, profile_image_url): '''Set the url of the thumbnail of this user. Args: profile_image_url: The url of the thumbnail of this user ''' self._profile_image_url = profile_image_url profile_image_url= property(GetProfileImageUrl, SetProfileImageUrl, doc='The url of the thumbnail of this user.') def GetProfileBackgroundTile(self): '''Boolean for whether to tile the profile background image. Returns: True if the background is to be tiled, False if not, None if unset. ''' return self._profile_background_tile def SetProfileBackgroundTile(self, profile_background_tile): '''Set the boolean flag for whether to tile the profile background image. Args: profile_background_tile: Boolean flag for whether to tile or not. ''' self._profile_background_tile = profile_background_tile profile_background_tile = property(GetProfileBackgroundTile, SetProfileBackgroundTile, doc='Boolean for whether to tile the background image.') def GetProfileBackgroundImageUrl(self): return self._profile_background_image_url def SetProfileBackgroundImageUrl(self, profile_background_image_url): self._profile_background_image_url = profile_background_image_url profile_background_image_url = property(GetProfileBackgroundImageUrl, SetProfileBackgroundImageUrl, doc='The url of the profile background of this user.') def GetProfileSidebarFillColor(self): return self._profile_sidebar_fill_color def SetProfileSidebarFillColor(self, profile_sidebar_fill_color): self._profile_sidebar_fill_color = profile_sidebar_fill_color profile_sidebar_fill_color = property(GetProfileSidebarFillColor, SetProfileSidebarFillColor) def GetProfileBackgroundColor(self): return self._profile_background_color def SetProfileBackgroundColor(self, profile_background_color): self._profile_background_color = profile_background_color profile_background_color = property(GetProfileBackgroundColor, SetProfileBackgroundColor) def GetProfileLinkColor(self): return self._profile_link_color def SetProfileLinkColor(self, profile_link_color): self._profile_link_color = profile_link_color profile_link_color = property(GetProfileLinkColor, SetProfileLinkColor) def GetProfileTextColor(self): return self._profile_text_color def SetProfileTextColor(self, profile_text_color): self._profile_text_color = profile_text_color profile_text_color = property(GetProfileTextColor, SetProfileTextColor) def GetProtected(self): return self._protected def SetProtected(self, protected): self._protected = protected protected = property(GetProtected, SetProtected) def GetUtcOffset(self): return self._utc_offset def SetUtcOffset(self, utc_offset): self._utc_offset = utc_offset utc_offset = property(GetUtcOffset, SetUtcOffset) def GetTimeZone(self): '''Returns the current time zone string for the user. Returns: The descriptive time zone string for the user. ''' return self._time_zone def SetTimeZone(self, time_zone): '''Sets the user's time zone string. Args: time_zone: The descriptive time zone to assign for the user. ''' self._time_zone = time_zone time_zone = property(GetTimeZone, SetTimeZone) def GetStatus(self): '''Get the latest twitter.Status of this user. Returns: The latest twitter.Status of this user ''' return self._status def SetStatus(self, status): '''Set the latest twitter.Status of this user. Args: status: The latest twitter.Status of this user ''' self._status = status status = property(GetStatus, SetStatus, doc='The latest twitter.Status of this user.') def GetFriendsCount(self): '''Get the friend count for this user. Returns: The number of users this user has befriended. ''' return self._friends_count def SetFriendsCount(self, count): '''Set the friend count for this user. Args: count: The number of users this user has befriended. ''' self._friends_count = count friends_count = property(GetFriendsCount, SetFriendsCount, doc='The number of friends for this user.') def GetListedCount(self): '''Get the listed count for this user. Returns: The number of lists this user belongs to. ''' return self._listed_count def SetListedCount(self, count): '''Set the listed count for this user. Args: count: The number of lists this user belongs to. ''' self._listed_count = count listed_count = property(GetListedCount, SetListedCount, doc='The number of lists this user belongs to.') def GetFollowersCount(self): '''Get the follower count for this user. Returns: The number of users following this user. ''' return self._followers_count def SetFollowersCount(self, count): '''Set the follower count for this user. Args: count: The number of users following this user. ''' self._followers_count = count followers_count = property(GetFollowersCount, SetFollowersCount, doc='The number of users following this user.') def GetStatusesCount(self): '''Get the number of status updates for this user. Returns: The number of status updates for this user. ''' return self._statuses_count def SetStatusesCount(self, count): '''Set the status update count for this user. Args: count: The number of updates for this user. ''' self._statuses_count = count statuses_count = property(GetStatusesCount, SetStatusesCount, doc='The number of updates for this user.') def GetFavouritesCount(self): '''Get the number of favourites for this user. Returns: The number of favourites for this user. ''' return self._favourites_count def SetFavouritesCount(self, count): '''Set the favourite count for this user. Args: count: The number of favourites for this user. ''' self._favourites_count = count favourites_count = property(GetFavouritesCount, SetFavouritesCount, doc='The number of favourites for this user.') def GetGeoEnabled(self): '''Get the setting of geo_enabled for this user. Returns: True/False if Geo tagging is enabled ''' return self._geo_enabled def SetGeoEnabled(self, geo_enabled): '''Set the latest twitter.geo_enabled of this user. Args: geo_enabled: True/False if Geo tagging is to be enabled ''' self._geo_enabled = geo_enabled geo_enabled = property(GetGeoEnabled, SetGeoEnabled, doc='The value of twitter.geo_enabled for this user.') def GetVerified(self): '''Get the setting of verified for this user. Returns: True/False if user is a verified account ''' return self._verified def SetVerified(self, verified): '''Set twitter.verified for this user. Args: verified: True/False if user is a verified account ''' self._verified = verified verified = property(GetVerified, SetVerified, doc='The value of twitter.verified for this user.') def GetLang(self): '''Get the setting of lang for this user. Returns: language code of the user ''' return self._lang def SetLang(self, lang): '''Set twitter.lang for this user. Args: lang: language code for the user ''' self._lang = lang lang = property(GetLang, SetLang, doc='The value of twitter.lang for this user.') def GetNotifications(self): '''Get the setting of notifications for this user. Returns: True/False for the notifications setting of the user ''' return self._notifications def SetNotifications(self, notifications): '''Set twitter.notifications for this user. Args: notifications: True/False notifications setting for the user ''' self._notifications = notifications notifications = property(GetNotifications, SetNotifications, doc='The value of twitter.notifications for this user.') def GetContributorsEnabled(self): '''Get the setting of contributors_enabled for this user. Returns: True/False contributors_enabled of the user ''' return self._contributors_enabled def SetContributorsEnabled(self, contributors_enabled): '''Set twitter.contributors_enabled for this user. Args: contributors_enabled: True/False contributors_enabled setting for the user ''' self._contributors_enabled = contributors_enabled contributors_enabled = property(GetContributorsEnabled, SetContributorsEnabled, doc='The value of twitter.contributors_enabled for this user.') def GetCreatedAt(self): '''Get the setting of created_at for this user. Returns: created_at value of the user ''' return self._created_at def SetCreatedAt(self, created_at): '''Set twitter.created_at for this user. Args: created_at: created_at value for the user ''' self._created_at = created_at created_at = property(GetCreatedAt, SetCreatedAt, doc='The value of twitter.created_at for this user.') def __ne__(self, other): return not self.__eq__(other) def __eq__(self, other): try: return other and \ self.id == other.id and \ self.name == other.name and \ self.screen_name == other.screen_name and \ self.location == other.location and \ self.description == other.description and \ self.profile_image_url == other.profile_image_url and \ self.profile_background_tile == other.profile_background_tile and \ self.profile_background_image_url == other.profile_background_image_url and \ self.profile_sidebar_fill_color == other.profile_sidebar_fill_color and \ self.profile_background_color == other.profile_background_color and \ self.profile_link_color == other.profile_link_color and \ self.profile_text_color == other.profile_text_color and \ self.protected == other.protected and \ self.utc_offset == other.utc_offset and \ self.time_zone == other.time_zone and \ self.url == other.url and \ self.statuses_count == other.statuses_count and \ self.followers_count == other.followers_count and \ self.favourites_count == other.favourites_count and \ self.friends_count == other.friends_count and \ self.status == other.status and \ self.geo_enabled == other.geo_enabled and \ self.verified == other.verified and \ self.lang == other.lang and \ self.notifications == other.notifications and \ self.contributors_enabled == other.contributors_enabled and \ self.created_at == other.created_at and \ self.listed_count == other.listed_count except AttributeError: return False def __str__(self): '''A string representation of this twitter.User instance. The return value is the same as the JSON string representation. Returns: A string representation of this twitter.User instance. ''' return self.AsJsonString() def AsJsonString(self): '''A JSON string representation of this twitter.User instance. Returns: A JSON string representation of this twitter.User instance ''' return simplejson.dumps(self.AsDict(), sort_keys=True) def AsDict(self): '''A dict representation of this twitter.User instance. The return value uses the same key names as the JSON representation. Return: A dict representing this twitter.User instance ''' data = {} if self.id: data['id'] = self.id if self.name: data['name'] = self.name if self.screen_name: data['screen_name'] = self.screen_name if self.location: data['location'] = self.location if self.description: data['description'] = self.description if self.profile_image_url: data['profile_image_url'] = self.profile_image_url if self.profile_background_tile is not None: data['profile_background_tile'] = self.profile_background_tile if self.profile_background_image_url: data['profile_sidebar_fill_color'] = self.profile_background_image_url if self.profile_background_color: data['profile_background_color'] = self.profile_background_color if self.profile_link_color: data['profile_link_color'] = self.profile_link_color if self.profile_text_color: data['profile_text_color'] = self.profile_text_color if self.protected is not None: data['protected'] = self.protected if self.utc_offset: data['utc_offset'] = self.utc_offset if self.time_zone: data['time_zone'] = self.time_zone if self.url: data['url'] = self.url if self.status: data['status'] = self.status.AsDict() if self.friends_count: data['friends_count'] = self.friends_count if self.followers_count: data['followers_count'] = self.followers_count if self.statuses_count: data['statuses_count'] = self.statuses_count if self.favourites_count: data['favourites_count'] = self.favourites_count if self.geo_enabled: data['geo_enabled'] = self.geo_enabled if self.verified: data['verified'] = self.verified if self.lang: data['lang'] = self.lang if self.notifications: data['notifications'] = self.notifications if self.contributors_enabled: data['contributors_enabled'] = self.contributors_enabled if self.created_at: data['created_at'] = self.created_at if self.listed_count: data['listed_count'] = self.listed_count return data @staticmethod def NewFromJsonDict(data): '''Create a new instance based on a JSON dict. Args: data: A JSON dict, as converted from the JSON in the twitter API Returns: A twitter.User instance ''' if 'status' in data: status = Status.NewFromJsonDict(data['status']) else: status = None return User(id=data.get('id', None), name=data.get('name', None), screen_name=data.get('screen_name', None), location=data.get('location', None), description=data.get('description', None), statuses_count=data.get('statuses_count', None), followers_count=data.get('followers_count', None), favourites_count=data.get('favourites_count', None), friends_count=data.get('friends_count', None), profile_image_url=data.get('profile_image_url', None), profile_background_tile = data.get('profile_background_tile', None), profile_background_image_url = data.get('profile_background_image_url', None), profile_sidebar_fill_color = data.get('profile_sidebar_fill_color', None), profile_background_color = data.get('profile_background_color', None), profile_link_color = data.get('profile_link_color', None), profile_text_color = data.get('profile_text_color', None), protected = data.get('protected', None), utc_offset = data.get('utc_offset', None), time_zone = data.get('time_zone', None), url=data.get('url', None), status=status, geo_enabled=data.get('geo_enabled', None), verified=data.get('verified', None), lang=data.get('lang', None), notifications=data.get('notifications', None), contributors_enabled=data.get('contributors_enabled', None), created_at=data.get('created_at', None), listed_count=data.get('listed_count', None)) class List(object): '''A class representing the List structure used by the twitter API. The List structure exposes the following properties: list.id list.name list.slug list.description list.full_name list.mode list.uri list.member_count list.subscriber_count list.following ''' def __init__(self, id=None, name=None, slug=None, description=None, full_name=None, mode=None, uri=None, member_count=None, subscriber_count=None, following=None, user=None): self.id = id self.name = name self.slug = slug self.description = description self.full_name = full_name self.mode = mode self.uri = uri self.member_count = member_count self.subscriber_count = subscriber_count self.following = following self.user = user def GetId(self): '''Get the unique id of this list. Returns: The unique id of this list ''' return self._id def SetId(self, id): '''Set the unique id of this list. Args: id: The unique id of this list. ''' self._id = id id = property(GetId, SetId, doc='The unique id of this list.') def GetName(self): '''Get the real name of this list. Returns: The real name of this list ''' return self._name def SetName(self, name): '''Set the real name of this list. Args: name: The real name of this list ''' self._name = name name = property(GetName, SetName, doc='The real name of this list.') def GetSlug(self): '''Get the slug of this list. Returns: The slug of this list ''' return self._slug def SetSlug(self, slug): '''Set the slug of this list. Args: slug: The slug of this list. ''' self._slug = slug slug = property(GetSlug, SetSlug, doc='The slug of this list.') def GetDescription(self): '''Get the description of this list. Returns: The description of this list ''' return self._description def SetDescription(self, description): '''Set the description of this list. Args: description: The description of this list. ''' self._description = description description = property(GetDescription, SetDescription, doc='The description of this list.') def GetFull_name(self): '''Get the full_name of this list. Returns: The full_name of this list ''' return self._full_name def SetFull_name(self, full_name): '''Set the full_name of this list. Args: full_name: The full_name of this list. ''' self._full_name = full_name full_name = property(GetFull_name, SetFull_name, doc='The full_name of this list.') def GetMode(self): '''Get the mode of this list. Returns: The mode of this list ''' return self._mode def SetMode(self, mode): '''Set the mode of this list. Args: mode: The mode of this list. ''' self._mode = mode mode = property(GetMode, SetMode, doc='The mode of this list.') def GetUri(self): '''Get the uri of this list. Returns: The uri of this list ''' return self._uri def SetUri(self, uri): '''Set the uri of this list. Args: uri: The uri of this list. ''' self._uri = uri uri = property(GetUri, SetUri, doc='The uri of this list.') def GetMember_count(self): '''Get the member_count of this list. Returns: The member_count of this list ''' return self._member_count def SetMember_count(self, member_count): '''Set the member_count of this list. Args: member_count: The member_count of this list. ''' self._member_count = member_count member_count = property(GetMember_count, SetMember_count, doc='The member_count of this list.') def GetSubscriber_count(self): '''Get the subscriber_count of this list. Returns: The subscriber_count of this list ''' return self._subscriber_count def SetSubscriber_count(self, subscriber_count): '''Set the subscriber_count of this list. Args: subscriber_count: The subscriber_count of this list. ''' self._subscriber_count = subscriber_count subscriber_count = property(GetSubscriber_count, SetSubscriber_count, doc='The subscriber_count of this list.') def GetFollowing(self): '''Get the following status of this list. Returns: The following status of this list ''' return self._following def SetFollowing(self, following): '''Set the following status of this list. Args: following: The following of this list. ''' self._following = following following = property(GetFollowing, SetFollowing, doc='The following status of this list.') def GetUser(self): '''Get the user of this list. Returns: The owner of this list ''' return self._user def SetUser(self, user): '''Set the user of this list. Args: user: The owner of this list. ''' self._user = user user = property(GetUser, SetUser, doc='The owner of this list.') def __ne__(self, other): return not self.__eq__(other) def __eq__(self, other): try: return other and \ self.id == other.id and \ self.name == other.name and \ self.slug == other.slug and \ self.description == other.description and \ self.full_name == other.full_name and \ self.mode == other.mode and \ self.uri == other.uri and \ self.member_count == other.member_count and \ self.subscriber_count == other.subscriber_count and \ self.following == other.following and \ self.user == other.user except AttributeError: return False def __str__(self): '''A string representation of this twitter.List instance. The return value is the same as the JSON string representation. Returns: A string representation of this twitter.List instance. ''' return self.AsJsonString() def AsJsonString(self): '''A JSON string representation of this twitter.List instance. Returns: A JSON string representation of this twitter.List instance ''' return simplejson.dumps(self.AsDict(), sort_keys=True) def AsDict(self): '''A dict representation of this twitter.List instance. The return value uses the same key names as the JSON representation. Return: A dict representing this twitter.List instance ''' data = {} if self.id: data['id'] = self.id if self.name: data['name'] = self.name if self.slug: data['slug'] = self.slug if self.description: data['description'] = self.description if self.full_name: data['full_name'] = self.full_name if self.mode: data['mode'] = self.mode if self.uri: data['uri'] = self.uri if self.member_count is not None: data['member_count'] = self.member_count if self.subscriber_count is not None: data['subscriber_count'] = self.subscriber_count if self.following is not None: data['following'] = self.following if self.user is not None: data['user'] = self.user return data @staticmethod def NewFromJsonDict(data): '''Create a new instance based on a JSON dict. Args: data: A JSON dict, as converted from the JSON in the twitter API Returns: A twitter.List instance ''' if 'user' in data: user = User.NewFromJsonDict(data['user']) else: user = None return List(id=data.get('id', None), name=data.get('name', None), slug=data.get('slug', None), description=data.get('description', None), full_name=data.get('full_name', None), mode=data.get('mode', None), uri=data.get('uri', None), member_count=data.get('member_count', None), subscriber_count=data.get('subscriber_count', None), following=data.get('following', None), user=user) class DirectMessage(object): '''A class representing the DirectMessage structure used by the twitter API. The DirectMessage structure exposes the following properties: direct_message.id direct_message.created_at direct_message.created_at_in_seconds # read only direct_message.sender_id direct_message.sender_screen_name direct_message.recipient_id direct_message.recipient_screen_name direct_message.text ''' def __init__(self, id=None, created_at=None, sender_id=None, sender_screen_name=None, recipient_id=None, recipient_screen_name=None, text=None): '''An object to hold a Twitter direct message. This class is normally instantiated by the twitter.Api class and returned in a sequence. Note: Dates are posted in the form "Sat Jan 27 04:17:38 +0000 2007" Args: id: The unique id of this direct message. [Optional] created_at: The time this direct message was posted. [Optional] sender_id: The id of the twitter user that sent this message. [Optional] sender_screen_name: The name of the twitter user that sent this message. [Optional] recipient_id: The id of the twitter that received this message. [Optional] recipient_screen_name: The name of the twitter that received this message. [Optional] text: The text of this direct message. [Optional] ''' self.id = id self.created_at = created_at self.sender_id = sender_id self.sender_screen_name = sender_screen_name self.recipient_id = recipient_id self.recipient_screen_name = recipient_screen_name self.text = text def GetId(self): '''Get the unique id of this direct message. Returns: The unique id of this direct message ''' return self._id def SetId(self, id): '''Set the unique id of this direct message. Args: id: The unique id of this direct message ''' self._id = id id = property(GetId, SetId, doc='The unique id of this direct message.') def GetCreatedAt(self): '''Get the time this direct message was posted. Returns: The time this direct message was posted ''' return self._created_at def SetCreatedAt(self, created_at): '''Set the time this direct message was posted. Args: created_at: The time this direct message was created ''' self._created_at = created_at created_at = property(GetCreatedAt, SetCreatedAt, doc='The time this direct message was posted.') def GetCreatedAtInSeconds(self): '''Get the time this direct message was posted, in seconds since the epoch. Returns: The time this direct message was posted, in seconds since the epoch. ''' return calendar.timegm(rfc822.parsedate(self.created_at)) created_at_in_seconds = property(GetCreatedAtInSeconds, doc="The time this direct message was " "posted, in seconds since the epoch") def GetSenderId(self): '''Get the unique sender id of this direct message. Returns: The unique sender id of this direct message ''' return self._sender_id def SetSenderId(self, sender_id): '''Set the unique sender id of this direct message. Args: sender_id: The unique sender id of this direct message ''' self._sender_id = sender_id sender_id = property(GetSenderId, SetSenderId, doc='The unique sender id of this direct message.') def GetSenderScreenName(self): '''Get the unique sender screen name of this direct message. Returns: The unique sender screen name of this direct message ''' return self._sender_screen_name def SetSenderScreenName(self, sender_screen_name): '''Set the unique sender screen name of this direct message. Args: sender_screen_name: The unique sender screen name of this direct message ''' self._sender_screen_name = sender_screen_name sender_screen_name = property(GetSenderScreenName, SetSenderScreenName, doc='The unique sender screen name of this direct message.') def GetRecipientId(self): '''Get the unique recipient id of this direct message. Returns: The unique recipient id of this direct message ''' return self._recipient_id def SetRecipientId(self, recipient_id): '''Set the unique recipient id of this direct message. Args: recipient_id: The unique recipient id of this direct message ''' self._recipient_id = recipient_id recipient_id = property(GetRecipientId, SetRecipientId, doc='The unique recipient id of this direct message.') def GetRecipientScreenName(self): '''Get the unique recipient screen name of this direct message. Returns: The unique recipient screen name of this direct message ''' return self._recipient_screen_name def SetRecipientScreenName(self, recipient_screen_name): '''Set the unique recipient screen name of this direct message. Args: recipient_screen_name: The unique recipient screen name of this direct message ''' self._recipient_screen_name = recipient_screen_name recipient_screen_name = property(GetRecipientScreenName, SetRecipientScreenName, doc='The unique recipient screen name of this direct message.') def GetText(self): '''Get the text of this direct message. Returns: The text of this direct message. ''' return self._text def SetText(self, text): '''Set the text of this direct message. Args: text: The text of this direct message ''' self._text = text text = property(GetText, SetText, doc='The text of this direct message') def __ne__(self, other): return not self.__eq__(other) def __eq__(self, other): try: return other and \ self.id == other.id and \ self.created_at == other.created_at and \ self.sender_id == other.sender_id and \ self.sender_screen_name == other.sender_screen_name and \ self.recipient_id == other.recipient_id and \ self.recipient_screen_name == other.recipient_screen_name and \ self.text == other.text except AttributeError: return False def __str__(self): '''A string representation of this twitter.DirectMessage instance. The return value is the same as the JSON string representation. Returns: A string representation of this twitter.DirectMessage instance. ''' return self.AsJsonString() def AsJsonString(self): '''A JSON string representation of this twitter.DirectMessage instance. Returns: A JSON string representation of this twitter.DirectMessage instance ''' return simplejson.dumps(self.AsDict(), sort_keys=True) def AsDict(self): '''A dict representation of this twitter.DirectMessage instance. The return value uses the same key names as the JSON representation. Return: A dict representing this twitter.DirectMessage instance ''' data = {} if self.id: data['id'] = self.id if self.created_at: data['created_at'] = self.created_at if self.sender_id: data['sender_id'] = self.sender_id if self.sender_screen_name: data['sender_screen_name'] = self.sender_screen_name if self.recipient_id: data['recipient_id'] = self.recipient_id if self.recipient_screen_name: data['recipient_screen_name'] = self.recipient_screen_name if self.text: data['text'] = self.text return data @staticmethod def NewFromJsonDict(data): '''Create a new instance based on a JSON dict. Args: data: A JSON dict, as converted from the JSON in the twitter API Returns: A twitter.DirectMessage instance ''' return DirectMessage(created_at=data.get('created_at', None), recipient_id=data.get('recipient_id', None), sender_id=data.get('sender_id', None), text=data.get('text', None), sender_screen_name=data.get('sender_screen_name', None), id=data.get('id', None), recipient_screen_name=data.get('recipient_screen_name', None)) class Hashtag(object): ''' A class represeinting a twitter hashtag ''' def __init__(self, text=None): self.text = text @staticmethod def NewFromJsonDict(data): '''Create a new instance based on a JSON dict. Args: data: A JSON dict, as converted from the JSON in the twitter API Returns: A twitter.Hashtag instance ''' return Hashtag(text = data.get('text', None)) class Trend(object): ''' A class representing a trending topic ''' def __init__(self, name=None, query=None, timestamp=None): self.name = name self.query = query self.timestamp = timestamp def __str__(self): return 'Name: %s\nQuery: %s\nTimestamp: %s\n' % (self.name, self.query, self.timestamp) def __ne__(self, other): return not self.__eq__(other) def __eq__(self, other): try: return other and \ self.name == other.name and \ self.query == other.query and \ self.timestamp == other.timestamp except AttributeError: return False @staticmethod def NewFromJsonDict(data, timestamp = None): '''Create a new instance based on a JSON dict Args: data: A JSON dict timestamp: Gets set as the timestamp property of the new object Returns: A twitter.Trend object ''' return Trend(name=data.get('name', None), query=data.get('query', None), timestamp=timestamp) class Url(object): '''A class representing an URL contained in a tweet''' def __init__(self, url=None, expanded_url=None): self.url = url self.expanded_url = expanded_url @staticmethod def NewFromJsonDict(data): '''Create a new instance based on a JSON dict. Args: data: A JSON dict, as converted from the JSON in the twitter API Returns: A twitter.Url instance ''' return Url(url=data.get('url', None), expanded_url=data.get('expanded_url', None)) class Api(object): '''A python interface into the Twitter API By default, the Api caches results for 1 minute. Example usage: To create an instance of the twitter.Api class, with no authentication: >>> import twitter >>> api = twitter.Api() To fetch the most recently posted public twitter status messages: >>> statuses = api.GetPublicTimeline() >>> print [s.user.name for s in statuses] [u'DeWitt', u'Kesuke Miyagi', u'ev', u'Buzz Andersen', u'Biz Stone'] #... To fetch a single user's public status messages, where "user" is either a Twitter "short name" or their user id. >>> statuses = api.GetUserTimeline(user) >>> print [s.text for s in statuses] To use authentication, instantiate the twitter.Api class with a consumer key and secret; and the oAuth key and secret: >>> api = twitter.Api(consumer_key='twitter consumer key', consumer_secret='twitter consumer secret', access_token_key='the_key_given', access_token_secret='the_key_secret') To fetch your friends (after being authenticated): >>> users = api.GetFriends() >>> print [u.name for u in users] To post a twitter status message (after being authenticated): >>> status = api.PostUpdate('I love python-twitter!') >>> print status.text I love python-twitter! There are many other methods, including: >>> api.PostUpdates(status) >>> api.PostDirectMessage(user, text) >>> api.GetUser(user) >>> api.GetReplies() >>> api.GetUserTimeline(user) >>> api.GetStatus(id) >>> api.DestroyStatus(id) >>> api.GetFriendsTimeline(user) >>> api.GetFriends(user) >>> api.GetFollowers() >>> api.GetFeatured() >>> api.GetDirectMessages() >>> api.PostDirectMessage(user, text) >>> api.DestroyDirectMessage(id) >>> api.DestroyFriendship(user) >>> api.CreateFriendship(user) >>> api.GetUserByEmail(email) >>> api.VerifyCredentials() ''' DEFAULT_CACHE_TIMEOUT = 60 # cache for 1 minute _API_REALM = 'Twitter API' def __init__(self, consumer_key=None, consumer_secret=None, access_token_key=None, access_token_secret=None, input_encoding=None, request_headers=None, cache=DEFAULT_CACHE, shortner=None, base_url=None, use_gzip_compression=False, debugHTTP=False): '''Instantiate a new twitter.Api object. Args: consumer_key: Your Twitter user's consumer_key. consumer_secret: Your Twitter user's consumer_secret. access_token_key: The oAuth access token key value you retrieved from running get_access_token.py. access_token_secret: The oAuth access token's secret, also retrieved from the get_access_token.py run. input_encoding: The encoding used to encode input strings. [Optional] request_header: A dictionary of additional HTTP request headers. [Optional] cache: The cache instance to use. Defaults to DEFAULT_CACHE. Use None to disable caching. [Optional] shortner: The shortner instance to use. Defaults to None. See shorten_url.py for an example shortner. [Optional] base_url: The base URL to use to contact the Twitter API. Defaults to https://twitter.com. [Optional] use_gzip_compression: Set to True to tell enable gzip compression for any call made to Twitter. Defaults to False. [Optional] debugHTTP: Set to True to enable debug output from urllib2 when performing any HTTP requests. Defaults to False. [Optional] ''' self.SetCache(cache) self._urllib = urllib2 self._cache_timeout = Api.DEFAULT_CACHE_TIMEOUT self._input_encoding = input_encoding self._use_gzip = use_gzip_compression self._debugHTTP = debugHTTP self._oauth_consumer = None self._InitializeRequestHeaders(request_headers) self._InitializeUserAgent() self._InitializeDefaultParameters() if base_url is None: self.base_url = 'https://api.twitter.com/1' else: self.base_url = base_url if consumer_key is not None and (access_token_key is None or access_token_secret is None): print >> sys.stderr, 'Twitter now requires an oAuth Access Token for API calls.' print >> sys.stderr, 'If your using this library from a command line utility, please' print >> sys.stderr, 'run the the included get_access_token.py tool to generate one.' raise TwitterError('Twitter requires oAuth Access Token for all API access') self.SetCredentials(consumer_key, consumer_secret, access_token_key, access_token_secret) def SetCredentials(self, consumer_key, consumer_secret, access_token_key=None, access_token_secret=None): '''Set the consumer_key and consumer_secret for this instance Args: consumer_key: The consumer_key of the twitter account. consumer_secret: The consumer_secret for the twitter account. access_token_key: The oAuth access token key value you retrieved from running get_access_token.py. access_token_secret: The oAuth access token's secret, also retrieved from the get_access_token.py run. ''' self._consumer_key = consumer_key self._consumer_secret = consumer_secret self._access_token_key = access_token_key self._access_token_secret = access_token_secret self._oauth_consumer = None if consumer_key is not None and consumer_secret is not None and \ access_token_key is not None and access_token_secret is not None: self._signature_method_plaintext = oauth.SignatureMethod_PLAINTEXT() self._signature_method_hmac_sha1 = oauth.SignatureMethod_HMAC_SHA1() self._oauth_token = oauth.Token(key=access_token_key, secret=access_token_secret) self._oauth_consumer = oauth.Consumer(key=consumer_key, secret=consumer_secret) def ClearCredentials(self): '''Clear the any credentials for this instance ''' self._consumer_key = None self._consumer_secret = None self._access_token_key = None self._access_token_secret = None self._oauth_consumer = None def GetPublicTimeline(self, since_id=None, include_rts=None, include_entities=None): '''Fetch the sequence of public twitter.Status message for all users. Args: since_id: Returns results with an ID greater than (that is, more recent than) the specified ID. There are limits to the number of Tweets which can be accessed through the API. If the limit of Tweets has occured since the since_id, the since_id will be forced to the oldest ID available. [Optional] include_rts: If True, the timeline will contain native retweets (if they exist) in addition to the standard stream of tweets. [Optional] include_entities: If True, each tweet will include a node called "entities,". This node offers a variety of metadata about the tweet in a discreet structure, including: user_mentions, urls, and hashtags. [Optional] Returns: An sequence of twitter.Status instances, one for each message ''' parameters = {} if since_id: parameters['since_id'] = since_id if include_rts: parameters['include_rts'] = 1 if include_entities: parameters['include_entities'] = 1 url = '%s/statuses/public_timeline.json' % self.base_url json = self._FetchUrl(url, parameters=parameters) data = self._ParseAndCheckTwitter(json) return [Status.NewFromJsonDict(x) for x in data] def FilterPublicTimeline(self, term, since_id=None): '''Filter the public twitter timeline by a given search term on the local machine. Args: term: term to search by. since_id: Returns results with an ID greater than (that is, more recent than) the specified ID. There are limits to the number of Tweets which can be accessed through the API. If the limit of Tweets has occured since the since_id, the since_id will be forced to the oldest ID available. [Optional] Returns: A sequence of twitter.Status instances, one for each message containing the term ''' statuses = self.GetPublicTimeline(since_id) results = [] for s in statuses: if s.text.lower().find(term.lower()) != -1: results.append(s) return results def GetSearch(self, term=None, geocode=None, since_id=None, per_page=15, page=1, lang="en", show_user="true", query_users=False): '''Return twitter search results for a given term. Args: term: term to search by. Optional if you include geocode. since_id: Returns results with an ID greater than (that is, more recent than) the specified ID. There are limits to the number of Tweets which can be accessed through the API. If the limit of Tweets has occured since the since_id, the since_id will be forced to the oldest ID available. [Optional] geocode: geolocation information in the form (latitude, longitude, radius) [Optional] per_page: number of results to return. Default is 15 [Optional] page: Specifies the page of results to retrieve. Note: there are pagination limits. [Optional] lang: language for results. Default is English [Optional] show_user: prefixes screen name in status query_users: If set to False, then all users only have screen_name and profile_image_url available. If set to True, all information of users are available, but it uses lots of request quota, one per status. Returns: A sequence of twitter.Status instances, one for each message containing the term ''' # Build request parameters parameters = {} if since_id: parameters['since_id'] = since_id if term is None and geocode is None: return [] if term is not None: parameters['q'] = term if geocode is not None: parameters['geocode'] = ','.join(map(str, geocode)) parameters['show_user'] = show_user parameters['lang'] = lang parameters['rpp'] = per_page parameters['page'] = page # Make and send requests url = 'http://search.twitter.com/search.json' json = self._FetchUrl(url, parameters=parameters) data = self._ParseAndCheckTwitter(json) results = [] for x in data['results']: temp = Status.NewFromJsonDict(x) if query_users: # Build user object with new request temp.user = self.GetUser(urllib.quote(x['from_user'])) else: temp.user = User(screen_name=x['from_user'], profile_image_url=x['profile_image_url']) results.append(temp) # Return built list of statuses return results # [Status.NewFromJsonDict(x) for x in data['results']] def GetTrendsCurrent(self, exclude=None): '''Get the current top trending topics Args: exclude: Appends the exclude parameter as a request parameter. Currently only exclude=hashtags is supported. [Optional] Returns: A list with 10 entries. Each entry contains the twitter. ''' parameters = {} if exclude: parameters['exclude'] = exclude url = '%s/trends/current.json' % self.base_url json = self._FetchUrl(url, parameters=parameters) data = self._ParseAndCheckTwitter(json) trends = [] for t in data['trends']: for item in data['trends'][t]: trends.append(Trend.NewFromJsonDict(item, timestamp = t)) return trends def GetTrendsWoeid(self, woeid, exclude=None): '''Return the top 10 trending topics for a specific WOEID, if trending information is available for it. Args: woeid: the Yahoo! Where On Earth ID for a location. exclude: Appends the exclude parameter as a request parameter. Currently only exclude=hashtags is supported. [Optional] Returns: A list with 10 entries. Each entry contains a Trend. ''' parameters = {} if exclude: parameters['exclude'] = exclude url = '%s/trends/%s.json' % (self.base_url, woeid) json = self._FetchUrl(url, parameters=parameters) data = self._ParseAndCheckTwitter(json) trends = [] timestamp = data[0]['as_of'] for trend in data[0]['trends']: trends.append(Trend.NewFromJsonDict(trend, timestamp = timestamp)) return trends def GetTrendsDaily(self, exclude=None, startdate=None): '''Get the current top trending topics for each hour in a given day Args: startdate: The start date for the report. Should be in the format YYYY-MM-DD. [Optional] exclude: Appends the exclude parameter as a request parameter. Currently only exclude=hashtags is supported. [Optional] Returns: A list with 24 entries. Each entry contains the twitter. Trend elements that were trending at the corresponding hour of the day. ''' parameters = {} if exclude: parameters['exclude'] = exclude if not startdate: startdate = time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d', time.gmtime()) parameters['date'] = startdate url = '%s/trends/daily.json' % self.base_url json = self._FetchUrl(url, parameters=parameters) data = self._ParseAndCheckTwitter(json) trends = [] for i in xrange(24): trends.append(None) for t in data['trends']: idx = int(time.strftime('%H', time.strptime(t, '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M'))) trends[idx] = [Trend.NewFromJsonDict(x, timestamp = t) for x in data['trends'][t]] return trends def GetTrendsWeekly(self, exclude=None, startdate=None): '''Get the top 30 trending topics for each day in a given week. Args: startdate: The start date for the report. Should be in the format YYYY-MM-DD. [Optional] exclude: Appends the exclude parameter as a request parameter. Currently only exclude=hashtags is supported. [Optional] Returns: A list with each entry contains the twitter. Trend elements of trending topics for the corrsponding day of the week ''' parameters = {} if exclude: parameters['exclude'] = exclude if not startdate: startdate = time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d', time.gmtime()) parameters['date'] = startdate url = '%s/trends/weekly.json' % self.base_url json = self._FetchUrl(url, parameters=parameters) data = self._ParseAndCheckTwitter(json) trends = [] for i in xrange(7): trends.append(None) # use the epochs of the dates as keys for a dictionary times = dict([(calendar.timegm(time.strptime(t, '%Y-%m-%d')),t) for t in data['trends']]) cnt = 0 # create the resulting structure ordered by the epochs of the dates for e in sorted(times.keys()): trends[cnt] = [Trend.NewFromJsonDict(x, timestamp = times[e]) for x in data['trends'][times[e]]] cnt +=1 return trends def GetFriendsTimeline(self, user=None, count=None, page=None, since_id=None, retweets=None, include_entities=None): '''Fetch the sequence of twitter.Status messages for a user's friends The twitter.Api instance must be authenticated if the user is private. Args: user: Specifies the ID or screen name of the user for whom to return the friends_timeline. If not specified then the authenticated user set in the twitter.Api instance will be used. [Optional] count: Specifies the number of statuses to retrieve. May not be greater than 100. [Optional] page: Specifies the page of results to retrieve. Note: there are pagination limits. [Optional] since_id: Returns results with an ID greater than (that is, more recent than) the specified ID. There are limits to the number of Tweets which can be accessed through the API. If the limit of Tweets has occured since the since_id, the since_id will be forced to the oldest ID available. [Optional] retweets: If True, the timeline will contain native retweets. [Optional] include_entities: If True, each tweet will include a node called "entities,". This node offers a variety of metadata about the tweet in a discreet structure, including: user_mentions, urls, and hashtags. [Optional] Returns: A sequence of twitter.Status instances, one for each message ''' if not user and not self._oauth_consumer: raise TwitterError("User must be specified if API is not authenticated.") url = '%s/statuses/friends_timeline' % self.base_url if user: url = '%s/%s.json' % (url, user) else: url = '%s.json' % url parameters = {} if count is not None: try: if int(count) > 100: raise TwitterError("'count' may not be greater than 100") except ValueError: raise TwitterError("'count' must be an integer") parameters['count'] = count if page is not None: try: parameters['page'] = int(page) except ValueError: raise TwitterError("'page' must be an integer") if since_id: parameters['since_id'] = since_id if retweets: parameters['include_rts'] = True if include_entities: parameters['include_entities'] = True json = self._FetchUrl(url, parameters=parameters) data = self._ParseAndCheckTwitter(json) return [Status.NewFromJsonDict(x) for x in data] def GetUserTimeline(self, id=None, user_id=None, screen_name=None, since_id=None, max_id=None, count=None, page=None, include_rts=None, include_entities=None): '''Fetch the sequence of public Status messages for a single user. The twitter.Api instance must be authenticated if the user is private. Args: id: Specifies the ID or screen name of the user for whom to return the user_timeline. [Optional] user_id: Specfies the ID of the user for whom to return the user_timeline. Helpful for disambiguating when a valid user ID is also a valid screen name. [Optional] screen_name: Specfies the scre

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